Job study (IT) Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job study (IT) - Research Proposal Example The rainy days took away around 78,000 jobs in UK only. Today the IT requirement has clearly been categorized as special specialized IT jobs and IT enabled jobs. IT is more used as a generic term for professionals. The core IT companies address to areas like Project Management, Systems Design and Analysis, Software Coders/ Programmers, Database Administrator, Web Designer, Information System manager, GIS Managers etc. The IT User companies are most of the non-IT companies, who are using IT as a tool. A manufacturing unit is a classic example of IT User Company, who might use even an ERP, but uses IT as a tool for their business. The widely fast-growing segment is BPO (voice and non-voice), who are treated mainly as IT-enabled Company. IT jobs require a lot of personal attributes also, like attitude, intention of working as a team, motivation level, flexibility to learn, willingness of accepting challenges etc. Most of all your inspirations and aspirations. The future trend of skill requirement in IT companies are Unix, C, C++, Oracle, SQL, Java, .Net technology, Web Server, PHP Some of the Expert Support companies are Accenture, IBM or Logica. Oracle, Satyam, Sun, Infosys are some example of Software development companies The ERP specialists are Microsoft business solution, Oracle, SAP, and SSA Global. Rapid Change in technology has become a concern for many companies and they have started feeling the need of training people as per their project requirements. Companies are even recruiting non-computer engineers with high aptitude as Management trainees and imparting various training to them to make them project ready professionals. You will also find reputed institutes are offering...We have used the keywords for searching like Trend in IT, Job Opportunities in IT, Growth of IT in 2006 etc. We have also visited the sites of the Global IT companies and various job sites for research and data collection. The core IT companies address to areas like Project Management, Systems Design and Analysis, Software Coders/ Programmers, Database Administrator, Web Designer, Information System manager, GIS Managers etc. The IT User companies are most of the non-IT companies, who are using IT as a tool. A manufacturing unit is a classic example of IT User Company, who might use even an ERP, but uses IT as a tool for their business. IT jobs require a lot of personal attributes also, like attitude, intention of working as a team, motivation level, flexibility to learn, willingness of accepting challenges etc. Most of all your inspirations and aspirations. You will also find reputed institutes are offering "Project ready professional" training to bridge the gap between Universities and Industry Requirements. Several institutes are offering "technical skill" training. You may start at a lower level, which doesn't matter at all provided you get the right exposure and proper experience, because the salary hike in IT is directly proportionate to your experience and skill enhancement.

Plagiarism Excuse Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism Excuse Essay This letter is regarding the charge on violation of the University’s Student Code of Conduct. I comprehend that plagiarism is a crime, it is wrongful to copy some one else’s work or even idea without giving the author credit for his work. But, my assignments, term reports and coursework are never plagiarized not even a single bit, I always make it a point to cite my entire work appropriately. The reference list I have at the end of my coursework clearly reflects where I have taken my work from. However, my mistake this time was that I forgot to properly do in-text citation of the things I took directly from the author’s text; I should have put those lines that I copied directly from the author’s document in quotes and then should have cited it both internally and at the end of the paper. I comprehend that I made a mistake by forgetting to put the author’s words in quotes, but my intention was not to cheat or commit a crime. All of this happened completely unintentionally. The work pressure I was going through at the time of submission and continuous distraction by of clients and employees just made me feel sick and I completely forgot the basic requirements I had to fulfill in completing the paper. Sir, I am aware that the university is very strict regarding the rules it has towards plagiarism. I am not irrational and foolish enough to submit a plagiarized paper in college and ruin my future. I realize that it is better to shed tears for some time because of getting a bad grade in a course rather than weeping my entire life by submitting plagiarized work. I am a student who cares about his academic career and wants to achieve a lot of goals in life. I can be a motivated contributor to the university; I am even capable to become much more than that if I am provided with the opportunity. Please don’t take this away from me because of my one silly mistake which I committed by coincidence, this university has taught me how to be a better person and has changed me. I feel a part of it and the thought of being separated from it is so painful. I hope for your maximum cooperation as my future is in your hands! My life, my education, my respect in the eyes of my friends and colleagues is at stake and I may not able to digest any charge due to my silly mistake. I also fear that any action or charge against me will have a very negative effect on my health and business. Sir, Please consider my statement that I had no intention to plagiarize in any circumstances before taking any step against me as it is a matter of my whole life . All my life I have studied very hard , was a brilliant student in class and a good person with everyone . I assure to the disciplinary committee with full confidence that my future paper will not be affected by any personal and business issues and I will pay full attention to all the university’s disciplinary requirements. I also hope that the reasons I gave to proof myself innocent will be taken into consideration. Reference: Gilmore, B. (2008). Plagiarism: Why It Happens and How to Prevent It. Heinemann

Price elasticity income elasticity and cross elasticity

Price elasticity income elasticity and cross elasticity Explain the concept of elasticity of demand and discuss the factors that determine elasticity of demand. Distinguish between price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity of demand and evaluate on their importance especially to businessmen. Solutions to Question 2 2.1: Concept of Elasticity of Demand Elasticity is a term that was initially developed by known economic scholar called Alfred Marshall, and has been since used in measuring the relationship that exists between product price and its quantity demanded. It typically followed the law of demand that states that the lower the price of goods and services, the higher the quantity that will be demanded of such goods and services i.e. it primarily explains only the actual directions of changes in the demand for the commodity, but not really explaining the extent of that change. A further development on these lapses led to the concept of elasticity of demands. In practical term, elasticity means the act of responsiveness. Meanwhile, elasticity of demand has been theoretically defined as the responsiveness of the actual quantity demanded of a product to the change in its actual price. E.K. Estham argued further that elasticity of demand could be defined as the measure of the degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded to any small change in its price. This measure of the degree of responsiveness of the actual quantity demanded of a product to any changes in its price can be calculated with the use of the formula below: A good diagram to represent the established downward sloping curve of elasticity of demand could be seen as the incremental changes that are caused in the quantity that is demanded along the x axis, notably going in the opposite directions that are relative to these changes in the commodity price along the y axis. Below is figure 1 that aptly depicts the degree of responsiveness of demand due to changes in prices of the commodity: Thus, vivid observations of the above elasticity of demand complement the simple mathematical presentations of the elasticity of demand as presented above. Notably, the elasticity of demand is commonly expressed as Ed. Diagram 1 above indicates that depending on the actual responsiveness to any changes in prices of commodity, elasticity of demand could be either elastic or inelastic as seen described through the angles of the above demand curves. Importantly, economist have argued that the flatter these curves, the more elastic is the price of the commodity, meanwhile steeper curves will mean the more the price is inelastic. 2.2: Factors that determine elasticity of demand Below are the important factors that directly or indirectly influence the degree of demand to any small change in price: 1. Nature of the commodity Elasticity has been argued has primarily depending on if the actual commodity to be demanded is a basic necessity, a comfort or a luxury. This is because goods that fall under the basic necessities of life have been categorized as having inelastic demand, while those comforts and luxuries goods are categorized under the elastic demand. 2. Availability of the substitutes of goods or services Goods or services with available substitutes have been theoretically and practically argued and established as having elastic demand and those goods and services that are without available substitutes normally have inelastic demand. Good examples of these goods are coffee and tea that serve as substitutes to each other. They are substitutes because a change in the price of tea might make people to switch over to buying coffee. Alternatively, an increase in the price of coffee may also make people shift to buying tea. But a good example of inelastic good is salt because it has no substitute. 3. Uses and/or applications of the goods or services The usage of goods or services may affect its elasticity either elastic or inelastic. Good example is electricity, any decrease in its price will eventually led to consumers ability to make more use and further establishing electricity as having elastic demand curve. 4. Consumers proportion of the income that is spent on the commodity Practically we have noticed that the consumers can spend only a very small percentage of its income in buying such goods. Good example is salt and matches that normally take a very small percentage of consumers income, making them having inelastic demand curve. 5. The prices of goods Generally speaking, cheap goods and services normally have inelastic demand curve, while the expensive goods normally have elastic demand curve. 6. Income of the consumers Scholarly arguments have shown that the rich or high income earners normally have inelastic demand curves for their goods and services, while the poor or lower income earners normally have elastic demand curve. This is because he rich and high income earners will buy the goods and services at every levels of its prices, whereas the poor or lower income earners tends to change along the quantity of their consumptions due to changes in price. 7. Time period Evidence has shown that elasticity of demand would better occur in the long run production of the goods or services than at the short run. This is primarily because in the long run production and supply processes, the consumers could adjust to their individual demands by switching or trying cheaper substitutes. Industry evidence has shown that productions of the cheaper substitutes are only possible only at the long run operational processes. 8. Income and Wealth Distribution in the society The presence of unequal distributions of the national income would the demand for the goods and services to be relatively inelastic. Most advance countries that allow even distributions of their income and wealth will make possible elastic demand for its commodity. 2.3: Differences between price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity of demand Below are the three types of elasticity:- Price elasticity Income elasticity is further divided into 3 i.e. Zero income elasticity of demand, Negative income elasticity of demand and Positive income elasticity of demand. Cross elasticity 1. Price Elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand has been defined as the actual degree of responsiveness of the quantity that is demanded of a good or services in response to the changes in its actual price i.e. price elasticity of demand primarily measures how much of a change in actual price of any good that affects the demand for these goods or services, leaving all other factors to be constant. To calculate price elasticity, there is need to divide the proportionate of change in the quantity that is demanded by the proportion of change in the price. EP= Percentage change in the quantity demanded Percentage change in the price 2. Income elasticity Income elasticity of demand has been argued as measuring how much of a change in consumers income that affects the demand for such goods or services if its price and all other factors remained constant. Below is the formula for calculating income elasticity of demand: EY= Percentage change in the quantity demanded Percentage change in the income As divided into three, Zero income elasticity shows that a change in the consumers income will have no significant effect on the quantity that is demanded of such goods. Good examples are salts, matches and cigarettes. Next is negative income elasticity that shows that an increase in the incomes of consumers will lead to the decrease in the quantity that is demanded of such goods. This situation mostly occurs in inferior goods. Last is positive income elasticity that means an increase in the incomes of consumers will lead to the increase in quantity that is demanded of such goods. 3. Cross elasticity Cross elasticity of demand measures the actual change in the demand for commodity A due to the change in the price of commodity B. ED= Percentage change in the quantity that is demanded of commodity A Percentage change in the price of commodity B The above formula indicates that if the goods or services that have substitutes and cross elasticity are positive i.e. as above any increase in price of commodity X will finally result in the increase in sales of commodity Y. 2.4: Importance Elasticity of Demand to businessmen. As evident above, the concept of elasticity of demand has been playing a vital role in the decision making processes of the business world, especially as it relate to fixing commodity prices with the aim of making larger profits. Good example is if the cost of production tends to be increasing the company will want to pass this rising cost to the consumers through raising the price of the commodity. Practical examples have also shown that some companies do change their commodity price even without any visible change in the actual cost of their productions. But practically, whether the raising price is following any rise in the cost of production or otherwise has proved to be beneficial depends on the following situations: The actual price elasticity of the demand for such goods or ser product, i.e. the percentage change is subject to how high or low the proportionate changes in its actual demand relate to the percentage change in commodity price. The price elasticity of the demand is also very relevant for business in determining the value of their substitute, this is because when the commodity price increases the actual demand for the product substitutes also increases automatically even if the products prices generally remained unchanged. Businessmen are also able to know that increasing the price of their goods would only be beneficial if: The demand for their products is less elastic The demand for their products substitutes is also much less elastic. Finally, the usefulness of elasticity of demand also stands in its ability established the required quantitative relationships that exist between the quantity demanded of a product and its price or any other determinants of demand. Question 4: Discuss some of the characteristics of the Malaysian economy. Discuss some of its weaknesses and suggest some appropriate policy proposals to strengthen the economy in order to enable it to become a developed economy by 2020. Solution to Question 4: 4.1: Characteristics of the Malaysian economy. Malaysia is one of the countries located in the Southeastern Asia. The capital is called Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia comprised of two parts, one part is the Peninsular Malaysia and while the other is the East Malaysia which is called Malaysian Borneo. The Peninsular part has 11 states while the East Malaysia comprises of 2 states. Malaysian economy system is an open economy system; the economic involves domestic community and the international community. More so the economy is a state oriented market economy. The country has a fast growing economy. The economy was ranked 3rd largest among the south East Asian countries in 2007. Where Malaysia suited is a great advantage for its foreign trade. Malaysia GDP The Gross Domestic Product of Malaysia depends solely on its agricultural, manufacturing industries and the service sectors.  The agricultural sector contributed 9.7 % to the country GDP in 2007.   Also in the area of manufacturing industries it contributed 44.6% to the country and t of service sector contributed 45.7 % as well to the GDP. For the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), the country is ranked 29th in the world. They have GDP growth rate of 20 % and it was realized towards the end of 20th century. In 2009 GDP of Malaysia was estimated US$ 207,400 billion PPP was calculated to be $ 3.9 billion. Malaysia Natural Resources Malaysia is rich natural resource, like agriculture, minerals and forestry. Most agricultural plant resources of Malaysia are rubber, pine apple, palm oil tobacco etc. The countrys economy In the area of Forestry, the loggings contributed a larger amount to the countrys economy. More so, in the plantation area is timber, rubber plant and palm tree. When we talk of minerals resources, Malaysia is a rich deposit of minerals like tin and petroleum. Sectors of Malaysia Economy Malaysian Industries Mining Industry: Malaysian Economy Malaysia mining industry has contributed a lot to the economy through the export of mine products. The most important ones are oil, gas and tin. Malaysia was ranked has the worlds largest producer of tin in 1980. The sea transportation was easy because the mine is located in location of the mines in the peninsular Malaysia. Crude oil production and natural gas has increased to a higher level over the last few years. In 1999, the overall production of petroleum reached 693,000 barrels. Production of liquefied natural gas was estimated to be 3.8 billion cubic feet. There are major oil refiners in Malaysia Manufacturing Industry : Malaysian Economy In Malaysia there are many developed manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industries of Malaysia are, electronics manufacturing industries, furniture manufacturing industries and Food processing industries etc. In the sector of manufacturing, the country is ranked in the 23rd position in the world countries. Malaysian Services Malaysian Tourism: Malaysian Economy Malaysia in the sector of tourism was ranking the 9th position in the world. The common tourism locations in Malaysia are Kuala Lumpur, Sabah, Perlis, Malacca, Terengganu etc Banking and Finance: The bank Negara Malaysia is in charge of finance sector. Master Plan was introduced in 2001 after the 1999 financial crisis and this gave more room for to Islamic banking. May Bank is said to be the largest bank in Asia Pacific that practice Islamic Banking. However Malaysian government plan to give licensure to more sectors by the end of 2010 to improve the opportunities of Islamic Banking. 4.2: Some Weaknesses in Malaysian economy. 4.2.1: Political Weakness In Malaysia Malay half of the population holds the constitutionally position in society, and this a kind of discrimination among the three race, this is not only in jobs but in wealth as well. Controversial Internal Security Act (ISA), give room for detention without trial, has been abuse by the government on many occasions with intention of quelling unrest. More so, some of the detentions government used it to oppress the government opposition. BMI Political Risk Ratings The Malaysias short-term political risk rating (STPR) of 80.2 shows higher compared to other regional country like Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand. As the opposition to Pakatan Rakyat always challenges the BN coalition being witnessed in the defeat of the 2010 budget bill in parliament in 2009, the people thought that general political stability will be maintained. However, it is encourage that Malaysia was able to maintain a peaceful political environment, but this all depend on Prime Minister Najib Razaks his straight to encourage unity in the nation with diverse ethnicity and faiths. 4.2.2: Economic Weakness Malaysias is becoming importer of oil in the next few years, Malaysia Economic openness will be as much of a burden as a benefit, because of it confirmations of a high level of vulnerability to global growth and capital flows. The taxes collected on oil contribute over 40% of the states revenues despite the fact that it was expected to become a net oil importer by the beginning of 2011. Because the government had difficult in having alternative income, this will make hard for the governments function perfectly and maintain economic development, which is potentially leading to stagnate economy. BMI Economic Risk Ratings In the previous quarterly report Malaysias STER rating has being declining to be 73.5. And still Malaysia is still in the respectable V-shaped recovery of 4.1% now the 2009.The actual GDP growth is1.7%), never the less Malaysia is exposed to a Chinese double-dip slowdown, most especially if Beijing was unable to diffuse the satisfactorily recent property bubble in the near future. Malaysia in addition, has a huge fiscal deficit that is over 7% of GDP in the year 2009 and this has bring the LTER rating down to 72.6. 4.2.3: Business Environment Weakness The country will keep price subsidization will a peripheral and it has become part of the economy system or economy life of Malaysia. Some of the big construction project and contract for foreign firm are all under the domain of formal Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed so they are not directly connected to the government. In order words engaging in businesses in the country will always mean doing businesses with the politically connected people. BMI Business Environment Risk Ratings Furthermore, in (BER) Business Environment Rating Malaysia scores over average which is 63.4 but the score was dragged down because of the comparatively low score of 55.3 for the Infrastructure subcomponent like public transportation, mean while, in 2009 a reduction in the amount of red tape boosted the Institutions subcomponent to a score of 66.9 from 59.4. 4.3: Some policy proposals to strengthen Malaysian economy. There is a recommendation policy which must be followed accompanied with this, is other improvements in the economy. Firstly there should be huge notification should be on diversification. Most of the Malaysias export markets focused on technology sector and electronics which are vulnerable to global slumps in demand, mostly the US, the US are major exporter of Malaysian goods. Opening trade of a country economy is an important factor to decide a kind of exchange rate system that is desirable. If any country relies on trade, the fixed exchange rates provide stability in the market economy. Anyway, when having the exchange rate fixed does not mean the economy will remain competitive in foreign trade when some other countries are faced with inflation. Never the less it resulted to the second element, the inflation rates. The inflation rate of the trade partner is relevant factor so as the inflation of domestic inflation with the fixed rate; in order words the approach is not straightforward. So it is better for the country to remain with the fixed rate to avoid inflation tendency in the economy. Another recommendation is labor market flexibility which is used to determine which exchange is better in a given period of time. In this respect if there is flexibility in the labor market, the fixed exchange system work better. There must be flexible labor market and flexible exchange rate in order to avoid unemployment because of the output shock. Further more, the degree of financial development of the country is important. So when a country seems to be financially underdeveloped, fixed exchange rate is better to avoid urge effects of foreign speculation. Lastly is how to decide on which exchange rate system is better, and the mobility of capital. Mean while, it is better for exchange rate to be flexible when the capital mobility is high. Observation, Malaysias decision in pegging its currency to the dollar seems adequate. With solid financial institutions and credible policymakers, it would be adequate, as well transforming to a flexible exchange rate system. Concludsivly, easing the changings Malaysia will have to persistently implement consistent macroeconomic policies so as to maintain financial stability and sustainable fiscal and external positions. Question 7: Elaborate what you understand by deficit financing. What are its limitation as an instrument of economic development. Assuming that you are the economic advisor to the prime minister and he/she ask for your recommendations to eliminate a federal deficit, what would you recommend? Solution to Question 7: 7.1: Elaborate what you understand by deficit financing. What do we mean by deficit financing this is a strategy or ways to management of money which when spending is more than collected at the same period of time. In order words this is referred to budget deficit, this approach is used in business that is small, household budgets, in corporations and also in, governments sector mostly in all the level. If deficit financing is used in the right way it will help to launch a chain of the event and this will help in financing situation instead of any debt may cause problem or difficult to pay. Mostly common or know example of government deficit financing is how the government stimulate the economy of that country or nation to put a stop to any recession that country is facing. The government has a set aside a plan which will involved using borrow resources to purchase, the government can use different strategy like increasing demand output for product in all business sector of that nation. It also helps in the motivation of many business in o rder for them to hire more employees and it will reduced the level of unemployment in the country during the period of recession. Further more, the consumer confidence and trust will be restored in the market place because of the safe transformation, and these make it safe for the buyer to buy more goods and services. If the economy of a country in closely looked into and the deficit financing is carefully monitored, it will bring back economy stability in the country over short period of time like few month or few years. Deficit spending in economic does not only occurred in the government sector only but also in all business as well A company may plan to spend a certain amount of money as a kind of upfront thinking that they will be able to generate the fund back for investment .An investor or company owner may decide to buy a new machine for the company production with the hope that a new machine will hasten and make the production of goods in a less period of time with larger unit of goods, and with less cost. This kind of idea or strategy in business help the business to flourish and the manufacturer will be able to pay off his debt and have budget surplus instead of deficit, the owner of the business will be debt free and enjoy the surplus. 7.2: The limitations of Deficit financing being an instrument of economic development. In any given economy, the government normally embarked many projects that assisted it in generating the desired economy outputs both in investment and other capital projects. If the government prints more money out it will cause inflation in that economy and this situation usually affected the poor people in that society. The rich will be richer and the poor will be poorer. The buyer straight will be reducing to greater level and the businessmen profit margin will increase. In any society there is always the people that have and those who do not have so any increase made in price domestics goods leads to importation of cheap goods and the domestic goods high price will reduced the export. This in turn leads to adverse in balance of payments. Never the less this will affect the cost of the production because the raw material used in process of production has being increased, so the goods will be increased as well, perhaps it will definitely reflect on foreign investment, it will be le ss attracted by other country. Good example is figure 3 below that aptly depict government spending in OECD countries: Source: OECD (2010). Listed below are the disadvantages of deficit financing and some other cogent reasons to be alert about a National debt. The interest Payment In a society people do not lend to the government with the charity. Government must pay interest on every debt they are involved in just like any one in the society, it was recorded that last year government spent the sum of  £31 billon on interest payments alone. Looking at this in a perspective manner it will equate to 15 p on income tax. This amount is more than what UK spends on National Defense. The government borrowing for the year 2007/08 going to be  £42 billion same amount the government pays in interest. The Crowding Out effects The government debt always affect the private sector because they sell bond to the private sector in order for the government to borrow money and this in turn lead to less private investment because the government has bombard them with the bonds. Also the private spending is more efficient than the government level of spending because the government result to inefficient spending .this is what we called crowing out, the private investor is crowded out with government bonds because the government needs to borrow The financial crowding out The financial crowding out is when the government want to borrow large sum of money and they tried to increase the interest rate on bonds in order to attract many lender. The bonds rate is increased this will definitely put pressure on the interest rate generally, in order words this increase in the interest rate will affect the economy of that country because people will reduced their way of spending, investment level will be low and later run the economy growth will be low. The tax rises for the future. The tax rises for the future look into how the public sector debt is being paid. Any increasing public sector debts indicated that the future taxpayer will be the one to bear the burden by paying the bill. No matter the situation of the public sector debt reduced or not, the future taxpayer will be the one to pay the interest on the debts. Further this will a problem because, has it was mentioned above, changing of demographics show that government finances is usually placed under pressure, though without borrowing from at that moment of time. Limits Fiscal Policy In a normal situation the government should be able expand the fiscal policy in a situation where the economy is facing problem or recession. When a government has urge public debt they tried to reduced the scope by lowering tax in order to enhance demand. Then government must increase taxes and cut their spending in order to meet up with the budget .this is advisable because of the existing problems in the market economy. 7.3: Suggested recommendations to eliminate a federal deficit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In summary, I like to recommend these three-step formulas for prosperity: 1) Elimination of federal taxes. It will good to cancel government taxes because when the citizen gives money to the government is just like throwing coals to Newcastle. Government is the maker of money, they are the producer that has no limitation to their production. . When the citizen sends taxes to the government, they just used it to pay debt. When you send your tax money to the government, the government simply uses it to pay down debt. When paying down debt it destroys the economy money in a given society. In order words taxes damaged money in the society.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, the federal tax system is a waste of resources, it will be good if the government can spend the billions of dollars spent on compliance on production of useful goods for citizen and this will ease the problem of the economy and the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first suggested tax that should be eliminated is; the Medicare taxes and Social Security taxes. These will be politically popular; also regressive taxes directly impact businesses on low and the middle income people. That politician that ends FICA will becomes a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This will give federal government the opportunity to create money to support retirement and health care sector. 2) Elimination of federal borrowing. Government being a producer of money, an established government will not need to borrow money. These are inefficient; they are harmful, the exercise which provides no economic benefit. The Federal government borrowing provides semantic impression that government is in debt, and people it find repugnant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If there no borrowing; there would not be debt. 3) Establishing a national, money-supply goal. It is good to organize a congress, a congress that will look into the checking account called money created, They will add money to this account when needed. They will write checks and make a kind of transfers from the Money Created account in payment for all goods and services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This will be the suggested system for federal money creation in our economy. The congress will be the one to determine on how much money to be added to the Money Created account, however giving Congress power over money creation. Thus, the Federal will continue to control the interest rates and inflation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The congress will spend what is necessary on retirement, the military health care, crime prevention, education, the infrastructure, and other national needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The country will be free the tyranny of semantics and the problem of federal debt. This society prosper has rapid growth in their economy. Question 8: What are the constraints normally countries face in achieving a sustainable economic growth. What are the merits and demerits of attempting to achieve a faster growth rate in this country. Solution to Question 8: 8.1: Constraints facing the achievement of a sustainable economic growth. As evident in existing literatures that sustainable literally means ability of a system to endure and last long. So, sustainable economic growth means an economic development that is able to last longer! According to late David Pearce who happen to be one of the best environmental economists in his generation, states that sustainable economic growth primarily indicates that each of the generation should be able to pass on much of its capital as inheritance to its coming generations, under this Pearce approach he defined capital as including physical capital like machineries and infrastructures, also intellectual capitals like knowledge and technology and lastly environmental capitals like environmental qualities and stocks of the natural resources. This sustainable growth is what the world is witnessing from the groups of emerging economies have been trying all within them to continue to excel, particularly China and India that have remained as major drivers of the recent global expansions. But, evidence has shown that while the recent global growth outlook seems more positive, I will like to use this opportunity to mention that there are major four constraints which could threaten the sustainable growth of any country, i.e.:  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prices of Oil   the unpredictable increase in the prices of oil by producing countries have always been tried to remedy by both the OECD and its other sister organizations such as International Energy Agency all working very add to help many countries in addressing their short and long-term growth challenges as a result of sudden increase in energy prices, problems or fluctuations in security of supply and other alternative sources.   If not properly curtailed globally, fluctuations in oil prices could significantly impede economic growth of countries. External imbalances in trades The imbalances in current accounts of trading partners across the globe has reached an unprecedented levels especially between countries like the US, Japan, China, and some other Asian coun

Essay Contrasing Gertrude and Ophelia of Shakespeares Hamlet

Contrast of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Queen Gertrude and Ophelia, the main female characters in Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy Hamlet, have a variety of contrasting or dissimilar personal qualities and experiences. This essay, with the help of literary critics, will explore these differences.    John Dover Wilson in his book, What Happens in Hamlet, discusses what is perhaps the greatest dissimilarity between Ophelia and Gertrude – their morality:    His [Hamlet’s] mother is a criminal, has been guilty of a sin which blots out the stars for him, makes life a bestial thing, and even infects his very blood. She has committed incest. Modern readers, living in an age when marriage laws are the subject of free discussion and with a deceased wife’s sister act upon the statute-book, can hardly be expected to enter fully into Hamlet’s feelings on this matter. Yet no one who reads the first soliloquy in the Second Quarto text, with its illuminating dramatic punctuation, can doubt for one moment that Shakespeare wished here to make full dramatic capital out of Gertrude’s infringement of ecclesiastical law, and expected his audience to look upon it with as much abhorrence as the Athenians felt for what we should consider the more venial, because unwitting, crime of the Oedipus of Sophocles (39).    Quite opposite the criminality of the king’s wife is the innocence of Ophelia, who might be called a â€Å"broken lily† (O’Donnell 241). In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington enlightens the reader regarding this dissimilarity between the two ladies:    Characters also serve as foils to one another as well as to Hamlet. Gertrude wishfully sees in Ophelia the b... ...ffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Boklund, Gunnar. â€Å"Hamlet.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures and Notes on Shakspere and Other English Poets. London : George Bell and Sons, 1904. p. 342-368. http://ds.dial.pipex.com/thomas_larque/ham1-col.htm    O’Donnell, Jessie F. â€Å"Ophelia.† The American Shakespeare Magazine, 3 (March 1897), 70-76. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ed. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts. New York: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Wilson, John Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.      

Media hint

IntroductionMedia has always been in the forefront as a radical voice all over the world, and naturally, it has invited the wrath of all the regimes autocratic and democratic alike. Among the media types, the broadcast media, particularly television has suffered the greatest suppression, whether it is in the Europe, the Americas, Africa or in the East. The most recent example comes from Pakistan, a Muslim nation in South Asia, where the military ruler Parvez Mushrraf had shut down the television stations soon after he suspended the constitution and imposed emergency.Broadcasting – the transmitting of programmes to be heard simultaneously by an indefinitely large number of people – is a social invention, not a technical one. (Curran J. & Seaton J., 2003). Television is perhaps the only modern media that had played a dual role, as a voice of the radical opinion and as a media of propaganda. The emergence of the global television has made revolts of the people and radical opinion in any part of the world irrepressible. This has always made headaches for the ruling elites to respond in the same manner, to use television itself in order to suppress the opinion.Revolt against televisionIncidents of revolt against television as a mirror of the truth have occurred before the advent of the satellite television, where the regimes controlled the broadcasting system. The history can be traced from the wide spread information suppression and the iron curtain that characterised the erstwhile Soviet regime. Later we numerous incidents around the world, mostly in autocracies where the official television run by the regime, disseminated the news suppressing any other viewpoint. This has occurred in Iraq, in other states of the Middle East like Saudi Arabia, Iran and mostly many of the Muslim Sheikdoms.Suppression, ideology and televisionCommunication has the power to define, persuade, inform and to disinform. An analysis of communication at the level of community and nation is obliged to recognise that truth is not necessarily separated from falsehood; rather, the process of propaganda blurs the elements in order to be persuasive. Taylor (1986) puts the matter succinctly:‘Communication with a view to persuasion is an inherent human quality. I can take place in a private conversation or a mass rally, in a church or cinema, as well as on a battlefield. It can manifest itself in the form of a statue or building, a coin or painting, a flag or a postage stamp.’ To the above list Taylor adds ‘speech sermons,songs, art, radio waves, television pictures.’Whether they operate between individuals or people in millions, the task of the analyst remains the same – to investigate the intent of the act of communication and the ways in which members of the intended audience respond to that communication. It is arguable that most mass communication, whether it is a party political broadcast, the TV news, a pop song, a soap op era or sitcom is in some way or another, to a greater or a lesser extent is an exercise in propaganda. (Bagdikian A.,1987)Thompson identifies four forms of power exercised in society- economic, political, coercive and symbolic. Economic power emanates from the possession of wealth or the means by which wealth is generated; political power rests in decision making arising from being in a position of elected, appointed or inherited authority; coercive power springs from the use of, or potential use of, superior strength. Other classifications include position, resource, and charismatic power each overlapping with Thompson’s categories and each one somehow connected with communication processes.Yet the media have never been either separate from or independent of the forces which create them and which in turn they shape and influence. They work as Thompson points out, within institutional frame works. As such, they operate as cultural apparatus, part of the machinery of state or of most powerful interest groups within the state. Historically media have more often served as the voice of the powerful than of the people. They have been classified by Althusser as one of the prime Ideological State Apparatuses, along with religion, family structures ad education: that is, they are crucially important channels for the transmission of ‘rules of conduct’ in society; the guardians of a culture’s dominant norms and values. They play a part in all power forms, including – in a contributory sense – coercive power.The Chinese revoltThe memorable television images that emanated from Beijing on June 4, 1989 indicated to viewers that the China’s revolutionary activity had been effectively extinguished. The military show of force at Tiananmen Square preserved the political authority of Deng Ziaoping and the Chinese Communist Party for the short term. Following the historic Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee meeting of the CCP in December 1978- a satellite based national television system was made a top priority for achieving a wide range of   propagandist objectives.Television was peaking as a communications medium in China during the troubled 1980s and had itself become a significant symbol of the national modernization. By the middle of the decade nearly every urban household had bought a television receiver. But when push came to shove, televised reports of the military invasion of the student-worker encampment at Tiananmen Square were not transmitted in China. While the rest of the world tuned in to pictures of courageous students, intellectuals, and workers standing up to brute force of tanks and the political power of ageing bureaucrats, Chinese television viewers saw very different visuals and accounts of the tragic events in the capital city, and even those images came very late. Television had been forcibly restored to its original place as a blatant propaganda device.By managing televisi on coverage of the brutal crackdown and subsequently constructing a massive propaganda onslaught, Chinese government officials hoped to re-establish social stability, reassert the place of the CCP as the nation’s legitimate political authority, and minimize ideological damage brought by the economic, political, cultural and social stresses that China experienced in the late 1980s.Why television news is so fearful? – the other side of television newsThe research of the Glasgow University Media Group has been very controversial since the publication of Bad News in 1976, as well as the subject of a great deal of criticism, not least from the journalists and broadcasters. Bad News was concerned with the television coverage of industrial relations in 1975. the GUMG’s analysis of the television news led it to conclude that viewers had been given misleading portrayal of   industrial disputes, a portrayal that distorted the real situation.The group’s work conti nued with More Bad News in   1980, which examined the language used to describe the two sides in industrial disputes. The descriptions attached to management were such that they persuaded the audience of the rightness of the management position against demands made by the unions. Trowler (1996) has produced an excellent summary of the major findings of their studies.The vocabulary of broadcast news is biased against specific groups and this bias structures the listener’s perspective. Stories are selectively reported. The effects of strikes are reported more often than the causes of strikes. The ‘visuals’ used are again selective and help to structure the message being put across. The tactics of the protestors are reported more often than their viewpoints, especially when the tactics are deemed ‘antisocial’.There is a hierarchy of access to the media, so the voices we mainly get to hear are those of ‘experts’, specialist and the establi shment. News is reported from a particular ideological position. The media set the agenda for debate – they tell us what to think about. They also act as gatekeepers, thus excluding some stories and including others. This rationale of these findings can be applied not only in fighting the ‘bad news’ by television but also in fighting an anti-people regime and sometimes in propaganda. This has been the mainstay in most of the democratic nations around the world. Even the Gulf War telecast by the CNN fits to this agenda. (Jones M. and Jones E. 1997)ConclusionTelevision of course is itself an authoritarian institution of sorts, one that articulates confidently and widely. Critics in all societies around the world, complain that the medium has the power to serve the interest of its owners by creating a narrow agenda and monopolizing public opinion, that it debases culture, and that it nearly mesmerizes viewers psychologically. Thus it has invited suppression around t he nations.Reference:Curran J. and Seaton J. (2003) Power without responsibility: The press, broadcasting and new media in Britain, London: Routledge. Boyd-Baret et.al. (ed). (1997) Media in global context: A reader, New York: Arnold. Philip.M.Taylor M.P. (1986) Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day, New York : Arnold Thompson J.B. (2002) The media and modernity: A social theory of media, London : Sage Jones M. and Jones E. (1997) Mass Media, London : Macmillan. Bagdikian A. (1987). The Media Monopoly, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.

Descriptive Final

Robert Campbell Mrs. Overly ENGL 1301. 54 11/1/2005 Assignment: Ch. 3. Descriptive Writing—â€Å"The Body Farm† p. 139, #1. Write an essay in which you describe something that most people would find repulsive or frightening. Skydiving It was an ordinary day in June when a few friends and I decided that we wanted to do something that we thought was exhilarating, so we went skydiving. What is skydiving you might ask yourself? Skydiving is exactly what it sounds like, the act of jumping or falling out of an aircraft and parachuting to the earth. Some people might call you crazy or even think that it is repulsive or frightening, but those adventurous enough to participate will never forget what it is like and will want to do it over and over again. To us, skydiving is a vacation. The morning that we decided to go skydiving was a time that I will never forget. I awoke that Saturday and began to think about what I was going to do; after an idea came to me I called my friend Raquel and Julie. When they picked up the phone and heard of what I was asking of them they both were apprehensive and nervous, but after talking to them for a while they both decided that we would go. Around 12:30 I picked them up and we went to get something to eat at McDonalds, before heading out to Skydive Spaceland in Rosharon. I have to admit that upon arriving at Skydive Spaceland my friends and I began to wonder what had gotten into us. Upon our arrival we first went into the plane hanger and then to a place they call â€Å"Manifest†, which is where you began to sign your life away. Filling out the papers took my friends and I approximately 30 to 40 minutes to complete, and this paper work was basically legal documents that say if you are injured or hurt in anyway shape or form in the dive that the are not liable for anything. When we were through signing the papers and paying the fees, we were then ready to take the class required for the dive. In order to skydive you must take a 45 minute class that explains the important things required to prepare for jumping. Probably the two most important instructions they teach you, are what altitude you must pull the parachute at, which is 5500 feet, and the saying â€Å"fly fifty five to stay alive†. Another thing that was also important was the arch of your back when first exiting the plane. This was necessary because it forces your body to flip over causing you to fall in a controlled motion. In the class my friends and I had to practice this motion by squatting and quickly going to a standing position while arching our backs, it insured that we understood the motion. Following the class was over we then began to suit up into royal blue jump suit, which look like astronaut space suits. Once suited up we began to board into the aircraft, which was a twin engine plane only big enough to seat about 25 people, and reeked of gasoline. Before this point in my life I had never rode in a plane, so it was going to be a first. We boarded the plane and began to seatbelt ourselves in next to our tandem jump instructors. Then the plane began to take off and at this time I was pretty nervous but my adrenaline was pumping so fast I did not know what to think. The plane ride took about 15 minutes to reach the appropriate altitude that we needed to exit the plane, and the time we rode with the cargo bay door wide open. When we reached the appropriate altitude I was the first in line to exit the aircraft, which was scary because I had not watched anyone else exit before me. Upon exiting the aircraft you hear a loud sound â€Å"whoosh†, and a cold wind comes over your body. Then the most exhilarating feeling came over me and I was having a blast. We had to do a number of things that we learned in our class, while we were up in the air. Such as, checking you altimeter at different altitudes and shaking the camera mans hand, and over all just having fun. And then at 5500 feet it was time to pull the parachute. There is a misconception that when the parachute is pulled that the person is jerked up from the parachute deploying; but this is not true because it is an optical illusion due to the fact that the camera man videoing the free fall continues to fall, therefore making it look as the he was jerked upward. After the parachute was deployed, there is an 8 to 10 minute descent, after landing on the ground I was thankful but at the same time my adrenaline was pumping and I was ready to do it again. And the video camera observed the whole scene. Although some people might call you crazy or even think that sky diving is repulsive or frightening, but to those who venture to share in this act we call skydiving will never forget what it is like and will want to do it over and over again. Skydiving is something that I enjoy and plan to do at least a few more time in my life. I have to say that it was the funniest experiences in my life.

Essay on Shipping BusinessEssay Writing Service

Essay on Shipping BusinessEssay Writing Service Essay on Shipping Business Essay on Shipping BusinessToday, shipping business keeps progressing and evolving fast under the impact of the progress of new technologies and trade. The shipping industry faces the stiffening competition as one of the main driving forces that stimulates companies to expand their business and focus on the integration, either vertical or horizontal. The main point of the integration is the enhancement of the efficiency of the organizational performance and improvement of the competitive position. These goals may be achieved through the higher efficiency of the organizational performance, which is achieved through the better allocation of resources, diversification of services and their higher quality or introduction of innovations that can put a shipping company into an advantageous position in the highly competitive business environment. Therefore, the integration, either horizontal or vertical becomes one of the main issues concerning the further business development of companies operating in the shipping industry. In such a situation, the question that begs is whether vertical or horizontal integration is more preferable and better for companies operating in the shipping industry. In fact, there can hardly be the universal answer since each company   should take into consideration its own goals, resources, marketing strategies and other issues, but the vertical integration seems to be more prospective in light of the current economic development of the world and shipping industry in particular. In actuality, the shipping industry faces the urgent need to enhance the vertical integration to meet the current marketing demand and customer needs and expectations and to enhance the position of companies operating in the industry in their competitive struggle.Background of shipping business  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The globalization of the world economy and trade are the major trends in the development of the modern economy. Globalization con tributes to the acceleration of international trade that leads to the growing demand on shipping services because the growing trade requires more shipping since goods, materials and supplies have to be delivered in time and to the target destination worldwide. Shipping services are essential for business, consumers, non-profit organizations and government agencies. Virtually all of them need shipping services.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consistent extension of the shipping distance leads to the change in the shipping industry and services offered by shipping companies. In this regard, the importance of the introduction of technological innovations, to track the shipping, for example, emerges because customers want to be certain in the in time delivery of their items. To meet those wants and needs, shipping companies tend to the closer cooperation with companies operating in other industries to increase the effectiveness of their performance.Vertical integrationV ertical integration is the process in which several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity, in order to increase that company’s or entity’s power in the marketplace (Khor, 2011). In fact, the vertical integration implies the expansion of the market operations and presence of the company in different industries. In case of the vertical integration, the company tends to acquire or merge with suppliers, for example, or develop new business entities to enter new segments or new markets.Researchers (Peters, 2012) distinguish different types of vertical integration. The backward integration  is the example where in the company tries to own an input product company. Like a car company owning a company which makes tires (Gomory, 2012). In such a way, the company shifts down in the production and business line to expand its market and business operations. The forward integration  is the vertical integ ration, where the business tries to control the post production areas, namely the distribution network. Like a mobile company opening its own Mobile retail chain (Barry, 2004). Finally, the balanced integration is a mix of the above two. A balanced strategy tends to take advantages of both the worlds (Barry, 2004). The balanced integration allows the extensive expansion of the company to the extent that the company tends to create the full business cycle. For example, a shipping company can build the full business cycle from supply of materials and resources required for shipping to the provision of means of transport and selling and probably production of goods, which the company ships to customers.The vertical integration helps companies to hold a stronger competitive position, if the interaction with companies operating in other industries is needed. This strategy is particularly effective when the competition in the industry is tight and companies face difficulties with their ho rizontal extension. At the same time, the extensive vertical integration may raise a risk of monopolization of the market, but such risk is lower compared to the horizontal integration, because vertically integrated companies operate in diverse industries.Horizontal integrationHorizontal integration (also known as lateral integration) simply means a strategy to increase the market share by taking over a similar company (Mohrman, 2012). This take over / merger / buyout can be done in the same geography or probably in other countries to increase the company’s reach (Mohrman, 2012). The immediate advantage of implementing them is to: have economies of scale;   expand knowledge and capabilities; increase market (and profits); own the whole life cycle so that you can change it the way required; reduce competition (by merging with them rather than competing); provide better services (Mohrman, 2012).The horizontal integration contributes to the increasing market share of the compa ny and helps to take a stronger position in the market. The market expansion occurs through the integration, which involves the acquisition and merger of companies and units within the same industry and market. For example, in case of the shipping industry, an air transportation company acquires or mergers with other air transportation companies to enter new, international markets and expand its market share globally.The horizontal integration in the shipping industryThe horizontal integration in the shipping industry may involve the integration of the transportation units, such as units providing automobile transportation services, train transportation services, sea transportation and air transportation. Such integration is extensive and consistent but, still the market expansion occurs within the shipping industry solely and the company does not shift toward new markets as is the case of the vertical integration. Instead, the company focuses on the most prospective segments or mar kets, if the company expands its business internationally, for example.Essay on   Shipping Business   part 2

Thomas Becket Essay

Thomas Becket Essay Thomas Becket Essay PFC Moses English 4 10/25/11 Thomas Becket Thomas Becket, more commonly called Thomas of London, was born about the year 1118 in London. His mother was a native of Caen. His father, who camefrom a family of small Norman landowners, had been a citizen of Rouen, but migrated to London before the birth of Thomas, and was once the Sheriff of London. He ended his life though in straitened circumstances. Thomas still received an excellent education. Becket's administrative skills, his charm, intelligence and diplomacy propelled him forward. At the age of ten he was put in a school in Surrey with the canons of Merton priory. later he spent some time in the schools of London, and finally studied theology at Paris. In 1142, a family friend broght Thomas under the notice of Archbishop Theobald to Rome. He also took him to the council of Reims (1148). It seems to have been at some time betweent these dates that he visitited Bologna and Auxerre, and began those studies in the canon law in which he earned a small d egree for. He never made himself an expert jurist. In 1151 he was sent to Rome by the archbishop with instructions to dissuade the Curia from giving approval to the coronation (crowning of a sovereign or a sovereign's consort) Stphen's eldest son Eustace. It is said the Thomas distinguished himself by the ability with which he executed his job. In 1154 he was promoted to be archdeacon of Canterbury, after first taking deacon's orders. In the following year, Henry II, at his recommendation, bestowed on him the important offic of chancellor. Now Thomas controlled the issue of royal writs and the distribution of ecclesiastical patronage, but he had personal fascination upon a prince who was inexperienced, and 13-14 years younger. He became Henry's close friend and was included in all affairs of state. It had been the hope of Theobald that Becket's influence would be exercised to support the privileges which the Church had took from Stephen, but the Chancellor agreed with the in terests of the Church to those of his new master. Under his administration the Church was severely taxed for the prosecution of Henry's foregn wars; and the chancellor became subject to the reproach "of pluging his sword into the bowles of his mother." It was Thomas who organized the Toulouse campaign of 1159; even in the field he made himself suspicious by commanding a company of knights, directing the work of destruction, and supervising the conduct of the war after the king had withdrawn his presence from the camp. When there was war with France upon the Norman border, the chancellor acted as Henry's representative; and on one occasion engage in single combat and unhorsed a French knight of very high prestige. Later it fell to his part to arrang eth terms of peace with france. He discharged the duties of an envoy with equal magnficence, with which he made the treaty of May 1160, which put an end to the war. In 1162 he was transferred to a new place of action. Henry put on him the see of canterbury, left empty by the death of Theobald. This casued some talk, since Becket, at the time when it was made, was still a simple deacon. Becket, however, disappointed all the expectations. He did not allow himself to be made the king's tool; nor did he attempt to protect the Church by humoring the king in ordinary matters. he devoted himself to ascetic practices, confined himself to the society of churchmen, and resigned the chancellorship. Now he was on the worst terms with the king before a year had gone by. they came into another conflict at the council of Woodstok on July 1163, wehn Becket successfully opposed the king's proposal that a land-tax, known as the sheriff's aid, wich formed part of that official's slary, should then forward be paid into the Exchequer. It was fortunate for Becket's reputation that Henry punished him for his change of front by a systematic persecution in the forms of law. The archbishop was then able

Analysis of the Origin of the Illuminati during the 18th Century in Germany

Analysis of the Origin of the Illuminati during the 18th Century in Germany Illuminati, the term or word would be, â€Å"Enlightened ones†. Illuminati are a rationalistic society all over the world led by their ruler Lucifer (Satan). The Illuminati was discovered in Germany in 1776 by Professor Adam Weishaupt, who was born on February 6, 1748. Professor Weishaupt got into the Illumination when he was initiated at the Masonic lodge in 1777. The words that have made him the founder of the Illuminati on May 1, 1776 were, â€Å"I did not bring deism into Barvaria more than into Rome. I found it here, in great vigour, more abounding than in any of the neighboring protestant states. I am very proud to be the world founder of the Illuminati† (â€Å"Adam Weishaupt† 6-7). Then on November 18, 1830 the world founder of the Illuminati, Professor Adam Weishaupt died. There are certain things in the world that is either bloodlines or contacted families of the Illuminati, and people don’t even realize that this is affecting the world. The Illuminati are affecting America very badly day by day by having bloodlines and families in the United States. But one family of the Illuminati is quite a surprising one. Disney is a part/family of the Illuminati. Now the reason why this is affecting America or even before this in the 1800’s and before, it has been affecting people because there was this wealthy family called the Rockefeller’s. But Disney is â€Å"one of the best deceptions of the Illuminati† (â€Å"Fritz Springmeiers† 1). Also Disney in the movies that they make for example, Lion King, the Little Mermaid, Aladdin. There are subliminal messages in all the movies; for example, in the movie, The Little Mermaid Disney has decided to put inappropriate messages to represent themselves as bloodline or contacted family of the Illuminati. Like when the Arial is getting married, the priest has a very disturbing erection if you play close attention. Then in The Lion King when Simba is on the ro ck at night staring in the sky full of stars. Now in that point if you connect the stars â€Å"Sex† is spelled in the air. I think this is horrible because they say Disney is the â€Å"happiest place on earth† but when it’s really the one of the most demonic places on earth and most perverted. So when the Illuminati were formed as a team they knew they needed something to represent them to show the world secretly that they’re out there. My research shows that this family is famous for architecture and arts. This contacted family with the Illuminati is called the Merovingians. Now these people were the founders of the first â€Å"Germanic Frankish dynasty† (â€Å"Merovingian art and architecture† 1). And basically what the Merovingians did was just fine works of art all around Europe. Also they did work on churches as well as towers. The art work were is mostly found at, Auxerre, Jouarre, Lyons, and Poitiers. Also another fancy thing they did was sculptures of animals like lambs and birds. But what it all comes down to is the Illuminati. How? Because all the sculptures were in rows and within geometric patterns, were tirelessly repeated on sarcophagi. Also these are the manuscripts that are illumination on the animals in the sculptures. The thing that makes the Merovinignas a part of the Illuminati is, they were one of 8 bloodlines of the illuminati bloodlines. Also they were called the â€Å"Holy Grail†. The Merovingians were a very high degree Freemasons, so that is there contact with the Illuminati. The Illuminati is a very dangerous group in the world. As we speak, they all believe that Lucifer is their one and only savior. And so then Lucifer’s satanic goal is to â€Å"destroy all governments and religions and just basically bring the world under his power in control† (â€Å"Joe Lanier† 8) affecting the world the music industry has to do a lot with this because today, children are listening to this satanic music and the artists of the music do not even care because the only reason they are in this satanic group is for the money, the fame, the spotlight, the shine. But what Lucifer calls this takeover is the, â€Å"New World Order†. But the only reason for this massive takeover to just be controlled by his power and his power only. So basically the antichrist just wants to be the ultimate leader. Then back into the satanic symbols on the back of the one dollar bill, there is a triangle on the left said and it has a satanic eye on the very top-BUT al so around the satanic pyramid there is lettering around them saying, â€Å"Annuit Ceoptus Novus Ordo Seclorum† which by going to back to the word of, â€Å"New World Order well is the exact term. Some of the founders of the Illuminati were, of course, Adam Wieshaupt, Baron von Knigge, Prince Karl of Hesse, Count Mirabaeau, Duke of Orleans, and Georges Danton. Now all these men had something to do with the Illuminati, what they all had in common was that they were in on a plan to, â€Å"Purest the form of Christianity† ( â€Å"Mcllhany† 7) . And the reason for that is to have everybody min world all the mankind to be all in one family. As explained above, there, are some very influential families that are trying to take over the world, and put it under Lucifer’s command. So, what if the Illuminati do succeed? What will happen if they fail? The Illuminati will not succeed because Lucifer first of all, he has to go through god and god is very powerful and Lucifer thinks that he will defeat him but of course we all believe that the world will end-but not in Lucifer’s command. Also the Illuminati probably will have its chance to takeover but they wont do it there way. Heres another problem what if they take over the world because of their music industry because right now the music that is being played is based on the Illuminati, not all of it but just some of it. Were just going to have to see what happens.

Offer and acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Offer and acceptance - Essay Example Any person who feels that the partner has failed to honor a promise can always seek a legal compensation for the breach. For a contract to occur, there must be other preludes that come in the first place, a contract can only be construed following successful offer advanced by the offeror to the offeree and the offeree responds by agreeing with the terms set by the offeror. The offers made by the offeror to the offeree in most cases are time bound and without communication from the offeree within the specified time, the offeror may consider the offer not considered by the intended person (Elliott, and Frances, 1999). The other important factor in contracts is the mode of communication, if it is determined by the offeror to the offeree, then he/she is bound to use the same means of communication when accepting the offer. If the stated means is not used, then the offeree may not claim breach of contract by the offeror incase there is no response. To understand the formation of a contrac t in commercial law, it is important that we understand into details the components of what makes a contract enforceable legally. In this reference, we are going to look into details what constitutes an offer and acceptance in the formation of a contract, the distinguishing factor between an offer and invitation to treat with reference to presence or absence of an offer to warrant acceptance communication. Offer It is normally made by the offeror to the offeree, it stipulates the terms of the contract and in this sense, the recipient who is the offeree should examine all the factors relating to the terms of the offer and make a judgment to accept or not (Emerson, 2004). Once the offerer has made the acceptance, the contract becomes legally binding. This states that any breach of the terms from the either parties can be determined in the court of law for compensation. Offer can be made orally, faxed, emailed, or written and sometimes the offeror may insist on specific means of commun ication to be used by the offeror when making return communication. This must be adhered to and in the case of non-compliance and the offeree uses another means, contract is said not to have occurred (Emerson, 2004). Invitation to treat is sometimes confused for offer; it simply denotes the willingness of an individual to negotiate a contract with an interested party. Circumstances under which invitation to treat are considered includes, auctions, exhibitions, window displays, and advertisements (Keenan, Denis, and Sarah, 2007). They do not form part of a contract since they are not considered as offer. After the communication of an offer to the intended recipient, the offeree is expected to internalize the offer before making acceptance. The offer should be accepted by the offeree as it reads and any alteration on the offer will be considered counter attack on the offer and kills the spirit of the offer in culminating into a contract. If the offeree considers any change of the term s as communicated by the offeror, they should make up for an add which along with the unaltered initial offer should be communicated to the offeror for consideration (Keenan, Denis, and Sarah, 2007). It is important to note that the communication of the offer can be revoked before the offeree makes the acceptance. This communication will have to be addressed to the offeree individually

Buisness Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buisness Economics - Essay Example It is argued that cost has played a major role in the emergence of the outsourcing business world over. Companies in the western world have been outsourcing jobs from their land to low cost areas such as India, China and Philippines. In the early part of 1990's companies in India recognized importance of cost factor and introduced a good strategy to increase their business. There are instances that a particular company is giving shape to an industry. Though during mid twentieth century there was a number of United Kingdom based business groups, who have outsourced high cost works to India, it was in the late part of the century that this has emerged as a major service industry. The emergence of service industry has also helped India to become global powerhouse of knowledge based industrial activity. Infosys Technologies is a major Indian company working in the field of information technology. They are considered as pioneers of business process outsourcing in the country. Understanding big opportunity in the sector they had laid out clean strategy to win over others. Today Infosys has emerged as one of the most respect IT companies in India. Their share prices are soared tremendously during the last two decades.

Discuss the arguments justifying torture as a legitimate Essay

Discuss the arguments justifying torture as a legitimate counter-terror strategy and the implications of legitimizing state-sponsored programmes of torture - Essay Example The collective costs of terrorism include its destabilization of governments, civil societies, peace and security as well as its threat to socio-economic development of the affected zones and the entire global society; these collective costs also undermine the stability of human rights. Given that individuals are entitled to security as a fundamental human right and governments are obligated to assure the security of their citizenry, states around the world have consequently adopted significant measures to safeguard their nationals against the insecurity threat posed by terrorism (Piazza & Walsh 2010, p.407). Nonetheless, developments in the recent past including the pervasiveness of global terrorism and the fast changing nature and scope of terrorism have compelled governments to adopt stringent measures as counter-terrorism strategies, consequently undermining human rights and the rule of law (Foot 2007, p.489). Most if not all states are increasingly resorting to the use of tortur e and other ill-treatment as their counter-terrorism strategy while disregarding the legal institutional safeguards designed to prevent torture. Similarly, other states have undermined the global commitment to avoidance of torture and handed over terror suspects to the countries where they are highly susceptible to torture as well as other human rights abuses. The fight against global terrorism has been mired with both pro and anti-torture arguments all over the world, with the opponents of the use of torture as a counter-terrorism strategy claiming that such an approach is counterproductive since it undermines the rule of law, good governance and human rights. In that reservists have often argued that the war on terror should be tampered with respect for human rights as well as the rule of law respectively, through the establishment of counter-terrorism strategies that both

Hummer, BMW, and Corolla's Brand Personalities Coursework - 2

Hummer, BMW, and Corolla's Brand Personalities - Coursework Example Hummer has a rugged image but to enhance their sales, they decided to change the brand personality to attract the youth and the women. Corolla has a dull image but is keen to give up its conservative approach which projects nothing except dependability. BMW gives rise to feelings of sophistication and yearning and hence is preferred by the wealthy and those who seek importance. It is hence recommended that brand owners should first segment their target market and try to understand the needs of their segment. This would help them design the features as per their requirement and hence would be more appealing to the customers. At the same time, the same brand can appeal to more than one segment and this can be done by appealing to their self-concept.Products and services today are imbued with personality characteristics and are recognized through these characteristics both by the consumers and the marketers. Marketers are trying to project an image of the brand that matches the personal ity of the individual consumer. They try to use marketing material such as advertisements and phrases so that the brand has an emotional appeal to the consumer. This becomes necessary because to buy a product the consumer must have an awareness of the brand. The brand would catch the consumer’s attention if he finds some similarities with his own requirements and personality. This led to the concept of brand personality which has been described by Aaker as a specific mix of human traits that are attributed to a particular brand.   Within a sector, different products and marketers apply different strategies to attract the right customer. Each product has its own specifications and hence they target a particular segment. Thus, the personality of the brand that is projected to the target segment must have similar characteristics and emotional appeal. This paper evaluates how three different automobile manufacturers project their brands to attract the right segment to enhance t heir sales. Online academic journals and some useful websites have been used to study the concept of brand personality in the automobile sector.  

Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Writing Skills - Essay Example The article shows another problem - Germany’s population is still dwindling because old people are its majority. This has affected the production output of the country. The future seems bleak and thus, an urgent action is needed to salvage this predicament. Germany needs to employ a policy that will enhance immigration. In addition, it needs to implement integration measures like those found in other nations such as the U.S.A. As a fact, changes are inevitable and they occur in all cultures. The acceptance of friendly immigration rules by Germany will make it handle the problem of age difference among its population. The article talks about Brazilian immigrants who have been sending back to their native country. It is highlighted that they have been offered air tickets home and not expected to come back to Japan. Japan faces a high immigration rate, especially from Brazil. As a way of sustaining its economy, it had allowed the immigrants to come to the country and offered them jobs. However, the pressure has become too much and unemployment rates have risen. As a way of curbing this, it has opted to send the Brazil immigrants back to their country (Masters, 2009). Japan needs to come up with well defined migration laws in order to curb the high immigration rate. The country requires not sending the Brazilians back to their native country as they help in sustaining its economy. Instead, Japan has to look for other opportunities that will help in curbing the rising unemployment rates. It should encourage its population to be self-employed as well as educate its younger generation. In this way, the Brazilians who are already in the country would not feel

Discuss the arguments justifying torture as a legitimate Essay

Discuss the arguments justifying torture as a legitimate counter-terror strategy and the implications of legitimizing state-sponsored programmes of torture - Essay Example The collective costs of terrorism include its destabilization of governments, civil societies, peace and security as well as its threat to socio-economic development of the affected zones and the entire global society; these collective costs also undermine the stability of human rights. Given that individuals are entitled to security as a fundamental human right and governments are obligated to assure the security of their citizenry, states around the world have consequently adopted significant measures to safeguard their nationals against the insecurity threat posed by terrorism (Piazza & Walsh 2010, p.407). Nonetheless, developments in the recent past including the pervasiveness of global terrorism and the fast changing nature and scope of terrorism have compelled governments to adopt stringent measures as counter-terrorism strategies, consequently undermining human rights and the rule of law (Foot 2007, p.489). Most if not all states are increasingly resorting to the use of tortur e and other ill-treatment as their counter-terrorism strategy while disregarding the legal institutional safeguards designed to prevent torture. Similarly, other states have undermined the global commitment to avoidance of torture and handed over terror suspects to the countries where they are highly susceptible to torture as well as other human rights abuses. The fight against global terrorism has been mired with both pro and anti-torture arguments all over the world, with the opponents of the use of torture as a counter-terrorism strategy claiming that such an approach is counterproductive since it undermines the rule of law, good governance and human rights. In that reservists have often argued that the war on terror should be tampered with respect for human rights as well as the rule of law respectively, through the establishment of counter-terrorism strategies that both

Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Writing Skills - Essay Example The article shows another problem - Germany’s population is still dwindling because old people are its majority. This has affected the production output of the country. The future seems bleak and thus, an urgent action is needed to salvage this predicament. Germany needs to employ a policy that will enhance immigration. In addition, it needs to implement integration measures like those found in other nations such as the U.S.A. As a fact, changes are inevitable and they occur in all cultures. The acceptance of friendly immigration rules by Germany will make it handle the problem of age difference among its population. The article talks about Brazilian immigrants who have been sending back to their native country. It is highlighted that they have been offered air tickets home and not expected to come back to Japan. Japan faces a high immigration rate, especially from Brazil. As a way of sustaining its economy, it had allowed the immigrants to come to the country and offered them jobs. However, the pressure has become too much and unemployment rates have risen. As a way of curbing this, it has opted to send the Brazil immigrants back to their country (Masters, 2009). Japan needs to come up with well defined migration laws in order to curb the high immigration rate. The country requires not sending the Brazilians back to their native country as they help in sustaining its economy. Instead, Japan has to look for other opportunities that will help in curbing the rising unemployment rates. It should encourage its population to be self-employed as well as educate its younger generation. In this way, the Brazilians who are already in the country would not feel

In the explanation made by Aaker Essay Example for Free

In the explanation made by Aaker Essay Accordingly, there are various management approaches that the company may use to have a strong and effective brand image. In order to build a strong brand and effective image, the management who are tasked to build brand image should think of two things in planning a strategy. Such things are first is to sell the service of the company as a short-term goal and second is to build a strong brand image in the long run. In time of the process of promoting the brand name, the industry should apply integrated marketing communications to ensure the efficient introduction of the quality of service that the organization stands for (Clowe Baack, 2007). The strong and effective characteristic of the brand is also linked with the performance of the company. In this regard, to ensure the effectiveness of their brand image, the industry must be able to integrate all the available resources as well as recognize essential opportunities include combining a strong image with an external opportunity to establish competitive position and advantage of the brand. A comprehensive analysis of the characteristic of a strong brand image of the company should be integrated to solidify the connection of the brand with the target market. A strong and effective brand image has also the ability to consider various consumer behaviors to be able to introduce a consistent message with the target market (Engel, Blackwell Miniard, 1995). Another characteristic of the strong and effective brand image is its ability to effectively communicate with the target audience which starts on the organisation per se. The strength of the brand image can be determined through the values and principles of the industry as well as the extent that the company established its position. A strong and competitive brand image in the company has various components which can be considered as tangible and intangible aspects. The tangible characteristics of a strong brand include the quality of the products or services identified with the brands, the different subcategories of the brand names in terms of the needs and demands of the clients, the brand accessibility; the marketing communications approach used by the company, company name and logo which represents the image of the brand and the staffs of the company whore are considered as the forerunners of the strong brand image (Asher, 1997). On one hand, the intangible characteristics of the brand image includes the operational as well as the human resource policies of the company; the culture of the company which determines the beliefs as well as the practices of the industry personnel, the internal and external environment as well as the location of the organisation which include the accepted personal and business practices of the specific country where the brands are operated. A strong and effective brand image also plays a crucial role in the perspective of consumer. A strong and effective brand image provides an assurance to the target market that the decision to purchase the product or service of a specific company in unfamiliar settings is worth it. A strong and effective brand image also has the capability of assuring the clients of the quality of the products and service when the clients have no previous experience of the company. The brand image perceived of the company also lessens the time spent looking for other alternative and substitute brands that could meet and the needs and of customer. A strong and effective brand is also perceived to determine the nature and extent of connection that the clients develops with the company based on the perceived openness of such company. Furthermore, a strong and effective brand image can also be attributed with the point of view of the company. It has the ability to ushers the acceptability of change and developments within the industry including the introduction of new products and services as well as setting up of new brand categories under the initial brands. Moreover, a strong and effective brand has the ability to determine the appropriate price of the product or services offered. It can be said that a strong and effective brand is the one which consistently meets the needs of target market results to the return of target market and positive endorsements through word-of-mouth. A strong and effective brand not only attracts target market but also qualified staffs willing to work to maintain the strengths and effectiveness of the brand and lastly, strong and effective brand attracts favorable reviews from industry experts (Laforet Saunders, 1999).

Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk

Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk Sexual Health is a fundamental constituent of health. Teenage pregnancy is an aspect of sexual health which has been of great public health and social importance due to the implications it poses. According to UNICEF (2001), UK has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Western Europe. This essay will critically analyse the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in the UK, that is, socio-economic , education- related factors and as well as risky behaviours. To get a better understating of this topic, effects of teenage pregnancy as well as current strategies, interventions and recommendations for improved care in tackling teenage pregnancy will be discussed. The essay will be concluded with a summary of the literature. Teenage pregnancy can be defined as a term employed to refer to giving birth of young women under 20 which result in live births or abortions ( Ewles 2005). The scale of problem is appalling. Approximately 91,200 conceptions in teenagers take place per year, 7700 among girls under 16 years of age and 2200 among 14 year olds or younger (Chambers et al 2001). Moreover, 46% constitutes to those who have legal abortion and 56% of those aged under 16 years who partake in an abortion. According to Ewles ( 2005), UK teenage pregnancy rates are much higher compared to other European countries, in that, they are five times as high as compared to those in Netherlands, three times as high as compared to France and two times higher in Germany. Teenage pregnancy poses a great public health threat due to the causal link associated with health inequalities. The high rates of abortion and sexually transmitted disease elucidates that young people are not having protected sex and this is supported by the appalling STI rates which are highest in 16-19 year old women ( Baker et al 2007). Furthermore, Elwes ( 2005) states that one in ten sexually active teenagers is infected with a sexually transmitted disease ,illustrating lack of public awareness about sex education, contraception and condom use. In order to tackle teenage pregnancy, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. Research evidence has identified the key risk factors which are acknowledged to be associated with teenage pregnancy. Ewles (2005) states that low expectations is a major factor, where we see there is a significant association between young people from lower-social economic classes and high rates of teenage pregnancy and birth. Lack of employment and disengagement from education or training can potentially give rise to feelings of inadequacy and hoplessness thus goals and aspirations seem unattainable affecting the outlook of ones future. Moreover, according to the survey conducted by the Department for education and skills (2006), low education attainment and leaving school at 16 with no qualifications are evidently independent risk factors of teenage pregnancy. Consequently, parenthood can be perceived as an appropriate approval to gain adulthood status with no employment or educational attainment to show for it. However, the SEU (1999) did not find evidence to support these findings. Ignorance about sex and relationships has been identified as another risk factor. Notwithstanding being surrounded by sexual images and messages from an early age and despite being sexually active, research demonstrates that there is poor knowledge on consensual and safe sexual relationships, contraception and STIs among young people (Ewles 2005). A study conducted by the Health Education Authority (1999) reported that 25% of teenagers aged 14-15 years perceived that the contraceptive pill protected them from acquiring a sexually transmitted diseases which can be exacerbated by myths, such as first sexual experience will not end up in pregnancy, that are apparent in the society. In a nutshell, young people have impractical perceptions on pregnancy and parenthood (SEU 1999). Mixed messages have been associated with teenage pregnancy, given that, children and teenagers in the UK are bombarded by sexual images and messages which can potentially lead one to believing and accepting sex as the norm in the society even at a young age (Ewles 2005). It is argued that in the UK, sex appears to be the custom and relatively necessary, whereas contraception and sexual health awareness is inadequate thus elucidating young people cannot make informed decisions (NHS 2004). Simultaneously, there may be insufficient communication between parents or teachers and young people on sex and contraception thus leaving young people uninformed. Poverty is another factor, where the risk of becoming a teenage mother is approximately 10 times more in girls and women from social class V( unskilled and manual) as compared to women in social class 1 (professional) ( DOH 1999) . Additionally, research evidence illustrates young women who have experienced care or foster and homelessness are at risk as well (Chambers et al 2001). A study reported women in this category are two times at risk of becoming teenage mothers compared to those raised by birth parents (Baker 2007). A complimentary study also found out that approximately 50% of girls leaving care become mothers within 18months to two years ( DOH 1999). A British cohort study conducted in 1970 reported that one of the strongest predictors of teenage pregnancy is being a daughter of a teenage mother because they are 1.5 times at risk as compared to children born of older women (Baker 2007). According to DOH (1999), having a history sexual abuse is identified as a risk factor where we see young people may be reluctant to abstain from sexual pressure subsequent to abuse that ensued. Numerous studies have elucidated the association between mental health disorders and teenage pregnancy, in addition, Maskeys study conducted in 1991 illustrated that a third of young women with conduct disorders become pregnant before the age of 17 ( Baker 2007). Crime is also a factor especially with teenagers who get involved in unlawful activities causing police intervention because they are twice likely to become teenage parents. (Chambers et al 2001). Tyrer et al conducted in a study in 2005 and reported that 39% of young female offenders are teenage mothers even as approximates propose that more than 25% of young male offenders are teenage fathers or fathers-to-be ( Zaplin 2006). Risky behaviours for example early onset of sexual activity and poor contraceptive use are factors associated with teenage pregnancy. The average age of first sexual intercourse has fallen from to 16 ( House Of Commons 2002-3) and girls having sex under 16 are three times more likely to become pregnant that those who have sex over 16 years ( SEU 1999). Approximately 60% of boys and 47 % of girls dropping out of school at 16 with no qualifications engaged in sex compared to 20% for both males ( Baker 2007). Ethnicity has a fundamental link with teenage pregnancy. Consistent with the 2001 census, data on mothers under 19years demonstrated that teenage pregnancy rates are considerably higher among mothers of mixed and black Caribbean, other black and black Caribbean ethnicity (Baker 2007). Early onset of sexual activity is linked to ethnic groups where a survey conducted in East London (Viner and Roberts 2004, ) illustrated that first sexual encounter under 16 was higher among Caribbean men (56%) compared with 30% for black African and 27% for white men and 11% for Indian and Pakistani men. As for women, 30% for both white, black Caribbean, 12% for black African and 3% for Indian and Pakistani women. In addition, poor contraceptive use among specific ethnic groups has been associated with teenage pregnancy (Baker 2007). Having acknowledged the factors and effects associated with high rates of teenage pregnancy, Tony Blair commissioned the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU 1999) to develop a teenage pregnancy strategy, known as the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999 ( Ewles 2005). Its main aims were to halve the number of teenage conceptions by 2010 and establish a consistent decline in trend in the under -16 teenage pregnancy rate ( SEU 1999). According to ( Chambers et al 2001 ) , a total of 150 teenage pregnancy co-ordinators were appointed in each local authority area in England, in 2000, who lead the force to execute the Social Exclusion Unit report. Each local area has employed a 10-year strategy, with local under -18 pregnancy rate reduction targets of between 40% and 60%, which strengthens the national reduction target of 50% ( Ewles 2005). As recommended by the SEU(1999) , the main preventative interventions in tackling teenage pregnancy are effective school-based sex and relationships education ( SRE) that are established with the help of local authority, particularly when correlated with contraception use and services. HDA (2004) reported that SRE programmes was highly rated by young people who received it and were positively impacted by the knowledge and decreased the level of report over first sexual intercourse .However, from the UK- based systematic evaluation of SRE programme they found out that the multi-faceted approach had no effect on contraception use and sexual behaviours ( NICE 2004). (DFES) stated that effective education programmes should be focused on mitigating behaviours that cause teenage pregnancy and are based on theory and highlight background information on sexual matters Moreover clear information on use of contraception is necessary and young people should be informed about the risk factors, h ow they can avoid sex as well protection against pregnancy and STIs. Activities that help deal with peer and social pressure are fundamental and how to acquire communication, negotiation and refusal skills by employing participatory teaching methods ( HDA 2004). Ewles ( 2005) argues that abstinence education as recommended by the strategy has proved to be ineffective The strategy stated the need to involve and provide information on prevention to teenagers parents which is fundamental. SEU (1999) recommended that youth Services should involve programmes that integrate a long term, multi-dimensional approach that is a combination of self-esteem building, voluntary work, and educational support (Ewles 2005) and have a clear focus on addressing issues that affect young people for example, sexual health and substance abuse. HDA (2004) states that, the adoption of development programmes has proved to be successful in America and has been elucidated as a competent approach to teenage prevention. Chambers et al (2003) argues that provision of effective sexual health services has been identified as a factor for reducing teenage pregnancy. The DFES (2006) recommended the availability and accessibility of well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice services targeted for young people, with a an established responsibility that commits to health promotion work and delivery of reactive service. In addition, engaged and coordinated action among all key mainstream delivery partners who are responsible for reducing teenage pregnancy health , Education, Social services and youth support services as well as the voluntary sector is vital ( Ewles 2005). Moreover, HDA (2004) recommended that practicing confidentiality and having long term provision of services has proved effective in teenage prevention. Another key recommendation is the need for a keen focus on tailored interventions that target young people who are susceptible to teenage pregnancy especially with Looked After Children, that is, those in care and foster ( Acheson 2001 ). The strategy advocated for professionals in partner organisations for example, Connexions, working with the most vulnerable young people need consistent Sexual and Relationship Education training that are readily available ( HDA 2004). Moreover, the national teenage strategy introduced the national media campaign aimed at mitigating myths and provides young with clear and accurate information to make it possible for young people to make informed choices thus reducing teenage pregnancy rates ( Ewles 2005). It recommended that effective information should be clear and unambiguous ( HDA 2004) . The current focus on awareness and education is supported by the two national media campaigns which are ; R U thinking is addressed to young teenagers encouraging them to delay onset of sexual activity and shun peer pressure; Want Respect? Use a condom is targeted at young people who are sexually active by promoting condom use by relating condom use with ones conduct and behaviour that will earn respect from their peer ( DFES 2006). The Teenage Pregnancy Strategys main priority is to reduce under 18 pregnancies by providing young people with ways and incentives to defer parenthood until they able to cope with the challenges that come with it. Nevertheless, the strategy is dedicated to support and reducing the risk of poor outcomes for teenage parents and their children, with a target to increase the participation in education, training or employment of teenage mothers aged 16-19 by 2010 ( DFES 2006). According to the Acheson Report ( 2001) the inequalities faced by teenagers who go on to be mother as compared to older mothers are perturbing because there is an increased likelihood they have mental health problems, especially, post-natal depression; are 50% likely to breast feed as well as have a higher occurrence of smoking during pregnancy and experience relationship breakdown . In addition, when they become older, say in their thirties, it is evident that they are more likely experience poverty, be subjected to unemployment, lack qualifications and live on benefits which makes them susceptible to get trapped in the poverty cycle which can potentially lead to a poor adult life.( Ewles 2005). Children born of teenage parents are 60% more at risk of infant mortality and can possibly die in their first year, 25 more at risk be conceived with a low birth weight, are particularly at much higher risk of growing up experiencing poverty, poor housing and nutrition for a long haul and are at a greater risk of becoming teenage parents themselves ( Ewles 2005). To prevent poor out comes for teenage parents and their children, the strategy recommends and provides support and interventions that include antenatal and postnatal support where they are provided with impartial information on alternative of parenthood, abortion and adoption and pregnancy testing services as well ( Ewles 2005). They are advised and get help with psychosocial issues for example, anxiety that they may face during and after their pregnancy with the help of youth-friendly maternity services characterised by tailored models of care ( Chambers et al 2005). Together with providing young parents with development skills in parenthood, the strategy recommends and is committed to provide services that will support them to stay or resume to education, training or employment ( Ewles 2005). This is includes finding preferred courses, getting help with childcare so that young parents can continue with education or work as well as providing them with necessary help for them to remain in school or get alternative methods to continue with education ( DFES 2006). The strategy introduced the Sure Start Plus programme to provide every child with the best start in life by providing education, childcare, health and family support ( National Audit Office). It recommends and recognizes the crucial benefits of a committed personal advisor for teenage parents, who tailors ongoing support packages to meet various individual needs for example housing and financial needs (Ewles 2005). In consistent with the priorities of the strategy in terms of better support, it acknowledges that high quality support to all teenage parents living without family or parents is needed ( DFES 2006). Furthermore, some young mother under 18 can be susceptible to social exclusion when they live without any support, leading to isolation especially when disintegrated from their social support networks, that is, family. The strategy aims to tackle this by providing supported housing to all under 18 lone parents who cannot live at home or with their partner and are provided with suitable needs ( Ewles 2005). This reduces the detrimental effects of poor housing on health. In conclusion, this essay has discussed the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy and its impact on public health. Moreover, the implications of teenage pregnancy have been highlighted. The government, through the Social Exclusion unit and the establishment of the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy , has been involved in tackling teenage pregnancy through joined up action, national media campaign , better support for teenage parents and better prevention as discussed. According to Naidoo and Wills , education and persuasion through mass media campaign may be an effective strategy in tackling teenage pregnancy because these techniques are geared to change peoples behaviours and lifestyles willingly as a result of information, support and advice.. HDA (2004) states that young people should be provided with sufficient education and clear information about all facts of sex and relationships and its implications coupled with confidential and accessible sources of contraceptive ser vices in tackling teenage pregnancy.