Importance of Electrochemical Series

Importance of Electrochemical Series A series in which the reduction electrode potentials of various electrodes have been arranged in the increasing order (downwards) is called Electrochemical Series . The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero.The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. To understand the importance and application of Electrochemical series we have to study about Oxidation,Reduction and Standard Reduction Potential. What is Electrochemistry? Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the chemical changes which occur on passing electric current into certain chemical systems and also with the generation of electricity by carrying chemical reactions which are redox reactions in nature. And Redox reactions are those reactions in which both oxidation and reduction taking place. Electronic Concept of Oxidation and Reduction According to the electronic concept, oxidation may be defined as the process in which an atom or ion loses one or more electrons. The loss of electrons is also called de-electronation. As a result, there is increase in positive valency or decrease in negative valency of the species. The species which lose electrons during oxidation are called Reducing agents. According to the electronic concept, reduction may be defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons. The gain of electrons is also called electronation. As a result, there is increase in negative valency or decrease in positive valency of the species. The species which gain electrons during reduction are called Oxidising agents. Electrode Potential It is the potential difference between the electrode and its ions in solution. The value of Electrode potential depends upon: (i) Nature of the metal (ii) Concentration of the ions in solution. (iii) Temperature. Types of Electrode Potential Oxidation Potential:- It is the tendency of the electrode to lose electrons and as a result it gets oxidized. Reduction Potential:- It is the tendency of the electrode to accept electrons and as a result,it gets reduced. Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential (Eo):- The standard electrode potential(electron releasing or electron accepting tendency) of an electrode in contact with its electrolyte in a half cell cannot be measured experimentally due to the following reasons:- A half cell whether oxidation or reduction half cell cannot work of its own and can work only when connected to the other half cell. The electron realeasing or accepting tendency of an electrode is only relative tendency and not absolute tendency. Thus we cannot determine the absolute standard electrode potential of an electrode.To solve the problem,a reference electrode is needed and an arbitrary electrode potential must be assigned to it.The commonly used reference electrode is standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) also called normal hydrogen electrode(NHE) and its standard electrode potential (oxidation as well as reduction) is taken as zero. We have stated that a standard hydrogen electrode acts as the reference electrode and it helps in measuring the standard electrode potential of an electrode.An electrochemical cell is set up in which the metal electrode under consideration is kept in one half cell and the standard hydrogen electrode acts as the other half cell. The potential difference developed as a result of the redox reaction is measured with the help of high resistance voltmeter(or beter by potentiometer). Since the electrode potential of the hydrogen electrode under standard conditions is taken zero, the reading of the voltmeter will therefore,give the  standard electrode potential of the electrode under consideration. The deflection of the voltmeter in the cell circuit represents the flow of current. The flow of current is towards opposite side.If it is towards the metal electrode, this means that the flow of electrons is towards the standard hydrogen electrode. Therefore, metal electrode will act as anode and standard hydrogen electrode as cathode. In case, the deflection is towards the hydrogen electrode, this means that the flow of electrons is from hydrogen electrode towards the metal electrode. In such a case, hydrogen electrode will act as anode and the metal electrode as the cathode. In General, Eo cell = Eo cathode Eoanode Where Eo cell value represents the standard reduction potential of the electrode. Electrochemical Series or EMF Series :- The standard electrode potential (Eo cell) of a large number of electrodes are determined with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode acting as a reference electrode. The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero. The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. They are arranged in decreasing strength of reducing agent to form a series known as Electrochemical Series. Application of Electrochemical Series:- To predict the relative oxidizing and reducing powers:- The electrochemical series helps to pick out substances that are good oxidizing agents and those which are good reducing agents.In an electrochemical series the species which are placed above hydrogen are more difficult to be reduced and their standard reduction potential values are negative. The Li : Li+ (aq) electrode has the least Eo value and therefore, it is reduced with more difficulty. Therefore, Li+ cannot accept electrons easily and so loses electrons to behave as a reducing agent. Li is the strongest reducing agent. The species which are easily reduced than hydrogen are palced below it in electrochemical series and their Eo value are positive. The F2 : 2F-(aq) electrode has the highest Eo value and therefore, F2 has the greatest tendency to get reduced,it is consequently the strongest oxidizing agent. In general, oxidizing agents have + Eo values. Higher the positive value, stronger will be the oxidizing agent and reducing agents have -Eo values, higher the negative value, stronger will be the reducing agent. For Example: Increasing order of reducing power of metal is Ag+/Ag(+0.80V) Calculation of the EMF of the Cell The following steps determine the reduction potential of the cathode and anode: Step I The two half-cell reactions are written in such a way that the reaction taking place at the left hand electrode is written as an oxidation reaction and that taking place at the right electrode is written as reduction reaction. Step II The number of electrons in the two equations are made equal by multiplying one of the equations if necessary by a suitable number. However, electrode potential values (E °) are not multiplied. Step III The electrode potentials of both the electrodes are taken to be reduction potentials and so the EMF of the cell is equal to the difference between the standard potential of the right hand side and the left hand side electrode. Eo cell = Eo R EoL Step IV If the EMF of the cell is +ve, the reaction is feasible in the given direction and the cell is correctly represented, i.e., oxidation occurs at left electrode (anode) and reduction occurs at the right electrode (cathode). If it is -ve, the cell reaction is not feasible in the given direction and the cell is wrongly represented. Thus, to get positive value for the EMF the electrodes must be reversed. To predict whether a metal will react with acids to give H2 gas:- Metals above hydrogen in Electrochemical series have great tendency for oxidation,so they displace hydrogen from acids.All metals having negative electrode potentials (negative E ° values) show greater tendency of losing electrons as compared to hydrogen. So, when such a metal is placed in an acid solution, the metal gets oxidized, and H+ (hydrogen) ions get reduced to form hydrogen gas. Thus, the metals having negative E ° values liberate hydrogen from acids. metal having negative E ° value For example, metals such as Mg (E (Mg2+ Mg) = 2.37 V), Zn (E (Zn2+ Zn) = 0.76 V), Iron (E (Fe2+ Fe) = 0.44 V) etc., can displace hydrogen from acids such as HCl and HSO4. But metals such as Copper, (E (Cu2+ Cu) = + 0.34V), silver (E (Ag+ Ag) = + 0.80V) and gold (E (Au3+ Au) = +1.42 V) cannot displace hydrogen from acids because of their positive reduction potential value. To predict the Feasibility of Redox Reaction:- From the E ° values of the two electrodes one can find out whether a given redox reaction is feasible or not. A redox reaction is feasible only if the species which has higher potential is reduced i.e., accepts the electrons and the species which has lower reduction potential is oxidized i.e., loses electrons. The electrochemical series gives the increasing order of electrode potentials (reduction) of different electrodes on moving down the table. This means that the species, which accept the electrons (reduced) must be lower in the electrochemical series as compared to the other which is to lose electrons. (oxidized). For example, From the electrochemical series E ° value of Cu = +0.34 V and that of Ag = +0.80 V since the reduction potential of Ag is more than that of Cu, this means that silver has greater tendency to get reduced in comparison to copper. Thus, the reaction  occurs more readily than the reaction The reduction potential of copper is less than that of Ag, this means that copper will be oxidized or will go into solution as ions in comparison to Ag. Thus, the reaction,  occurs more readily than Therefore, silver will be reduced and copper will be oxidized and the above reaction is not feasible. Rather the reverse reaction,  can occur. Thus a metal will displace, any other metal, which occurs below it in the electrochemical series from its salt solution. When a metal having lower E ° value is placed in a solution, containing ions of another metal having higher E ° value, then the metal having lower E ° value gets dissolved and the ions of the metal having higher E ° value get precipitated. Problems Q:- Write the half-cell reaction and the overall cell reaction for the electrochemical cell: Calculate the standard emf for the cell if standard electrode potentials (reduction) Pb2+ Pb and Zn2+ Zn electrodes are -0.126V and -0.763 V respectively. Solution Zn electrode acts as anode while Pb electrode acts as cathode and, therefore oxidation occurs at zinc electrode and reduction occurs at lead electrode. The half cell reactions are: Q:- Iodine (I2) and bromine (Br2) are added to a solution containing iodide (I-) and bromide (Br-) ions. What reaction would occur if the concentration of each species is 1 M? The electrode potentials for the reactions are: Solution Since the reduction potential of Br2 is more than that of I2, it means that bromine can be readily reduced. Therefore, I- will be oxidized to I2 and this reaction should be written as oxidation. Therefore, the following reactions will occur: Since for the feasibility of the reaction, the emf should be +ve, and to get + ve value for the cell reaction, subtract the equation representing lower value of E ° from the equation representing the higher value of E °. Q:-. What will be the spontaneous reaction between the following half-cell reactions? Calculate Ecell. Solution Since the reduction potential of reaction (ii) is more than that of reaction (i); reaction (ii) will occur as reduction. Therefore, reaction (i) should be written as oxidation. To obtain the net reaction, we multiply the reactions by appropriate coefficients so that electrons get cancelled. Ecell = Esubstance reduced Esubstance oxidized = 1.28 (- 0.74) = 2.02V To predict the spontaneity of any redox reaction:- For any spontaneous reaction (deltaG) should be negative.Since deltaG = -nFE cell Hence E cell should be positive for spontaneous reaction. E cell is the emf of the cell and is calculated from the standard redox potentials by using the reaction. E cell = Ecathode Eanode If E cell is positive, the cell reaction is spontaneous, otherwise not. To predict the Replacement tendency :- The relative ease with which the various species of metals and ions may be oxidized or reduced is indicated by the reduction potential values. The metals with lower reduction potential are not reduced easily but are easily oxidized to their ions losing electrons. These electrons would reduce the other metals having higher reduction potentials. In other words, a metal having smaller reduction potential can displace metals having larger reduction potentials from the solution of their salt.For example, copper lies above silver in the electrochemical series, therefore, if copper metal is added to AgNO3 solution, silver is displaced from the solution. In general a metal occupying higher position in the series can displace the metals lying below it from the solutions of their salts and so are more reactive in displacing the other metals. Thus, Li is the most electropositive element in solutions and fluorine is the most electronegative element. To predict the correct Metallurgical Methods :- Eo values of Cu,H2O and Al are +0.34V,-0.83V and -1.66V.It means Cu gets more easily reduced than water and water gets more easily reduced than aluminium.Hence copper can be produced by the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulphate but not aluminium.this is due to the fact that when Al3+(aq) is electrolysed,the H2O will be electrolysed but not Al3+(aq). For calculation of Equilibrium Constant :- Therefore measurement of E o enables the determination of the equilibrium constant for the electrode reaction.

Impact Of Satellite TV On Our Culture Essay

1.Satellite TV (Cable TV) channels started its journey in Bangladesh at 1992. Before that, BTV was the dominant medium for about 28 years and had the monopoly power. 2.But since the birth of the satellite channels in our country, it had a detrimental effect on the society. Gradually the Bangladeshi people are losing their Bengali norms and traditions and getting used to the foreign lifestyles. AIM 3.The aim of today’s presentation is to orient the class about the mass eff of satellite TV channels on our culture and how we can overcome this prob. Scope 4.For better understanding and easy assimilation I will discuss the lesson in fol pts: a.Intro b.What is Culture? c.Major influences of satellite TV on the cultural area of Bangladesh d.Some Statistical Data e.Interpretation f.Inference g.Negative impacts of satellite TV h.Conclusion i.Remedies and Measures that can be taken What Is Culture? 5. Every particular society has its own beliefs, ways of life, art etc. This belief, customs and tradition of a society they fol is known as culture. Bangladesh has its own culture and traditions also. The culture of Bangladesh is composite and over the centuries has assimilated influences of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance, and drama, art and craft, folklore and folktale, languages and literature, philosophy and religion, festivals and celebrations, as well as in a distinct cuisine and culinary tradition. Major influences of satellite TV on the cultural area of Bangladesh 6.The influence of technological advment is changing the present world very rapidly. Changes are taking place in all spheres of life and ultimately changing the social and cultural belief systems. Satellite TV, being one of the brainchild of this technological development, is having a definite eff on the social and cultural area of Bangladesh. 7.Labib(2001) suggests an evidence showing the influence on the women and girls in fds such as fashion and clo and fast food consumption. For Bangladesh, the significant cultural shift arises due to impact of regional channels of Satellite TV, particularly Indian channels like ZeeTV, MTV, Star Plus, Sony TV are influencing the cultural sphere of Bangladesh. Through watching these, cultural ties and values are getting threatened, specifically materials that favour divorce as a means to solve family problems or programming that includes obscenity, nudity, arousal of sexual instincts, or pre-marital sexual relations are completely destroying the cultural beliefs and values of Bangladesh. 8.Indian movie world Bollywood has a curse on the culture of Bangladesh. Renowned Bangladeshi auth and columnist Muhammad Zafor Iqbal said in his column – â€Å"Upto some years ago I could boast never having seen a hindi movie,  but now I cannot. I have to travel by bus from Sylhet to Dhaka, and they show these movies where you are a captive audience.† This clearly indicates about the current picture of how Bangladeshi people are obsessed to the Indian culture, and to what extent these foreign elements has occupied our brains. Some Statistical Data 9.A research was carried out on 40 persons in Ctg based on probability sampling on 2011 to understand the influence of satellite TV on cultural changes. 10.Most of the people think cable TV is the prime reason for the exposure to foreign culture as it is the most aval and easy means. Other means aval are internet, newspapers, magazines, social awareness, general increase in the lvl of edn. But they are not considered here. The results of the svy on preference of cable TV channels by the consumers are showed in graphical form as follows: Fig: Preference of Cable Tv Channels among 40 Responders Interpretation 11.From the above bar diagram, we can see that out of 40 persons, the most viewed TV channel is Star Plus, fol by Sony TV and then HBO. All of them are foreign TV channels with no room for our own broadcasting channels. Inference 12.Over the last 10-12 years, due to this easy exposure, there is a significant change in the dimensions of culture. Research also shows that consumers preference towards some of the aspects like fashion awareness, quality preference have increased. On the other hand, bargaining habit, attraction towards traditional songs, reading habit etc has decreased whereas in some aspects there is no change. 13.Svy carr out on other parameters also showed that the changes in the dimensions which most people think that satellite TV has strong influence upon are increase in the fashion awareness, brand preference, following foreign customs, fast food consumption, interest in foreign music/movie, and for the decrease in the social bondage and good personality traits. 14.There is moderate influence upon increase in quality preference, gender balance, and knowledge based society, and decrease in the interest in Bangla movies/music. 15.There is less influence on eating out, children’s participation in decision making, and for the decrease in religious bindings. 16.A general pattern is observed in the result. People of middle/lower middle cl are affected the most rather than upper cl people possly due to their more exposure to other media/latest technology and greater awareness about changing society. Negative Impact Of Satellite 17.Some consumers were asked about the negative impacts of satellite TV on our culture. The respondents were all almost on a common footing and admit that it certainly has some negative impacts like tendency of wearing indecent/short dresses especially by the ladies and the disturbance of study for the children. They also think there is an increase in the social crime and sexual violence. Some think that it has some influence on the attraction towards smoking/drugs by the young people. Conclusion 18.The results of the study shows that over the last 8-10 years, there is clearly a change in our traditional culture and this change is likely to continue. Though all of this change is not due to the effects of satellite TV, this is playing one of the major roles as maximum exposure to the  foreign culture is due to this media. Remedies and Measures that can be taken 19.Business in today’s market is very competitive. To operate profitably in any business, the focus must be customer oriented. Like any other business, cable TV should also provide the customers with the channels they like most and improve the quality of sound and picture. People who provide the cable broadcast have a great resp towards today’s world. Therefore, corrected effort should be made to sensitize the producers and broadcasters for improving the quality of whatever prog they produce. 20.At the same time local channels should be strengthened and should have a better content. This channels should produce and broadcast quality programs that could help to promote Bangladeshi values and traditions and improve the image of Bangladesh at an international level. REFERENCE 21. Effect of Satellite Television on the Culture of Bangladesh: The Viewers Perception by Robaka Shamsher & Mohhammad Nayeem Abdullah. European Journal of Business and Management, ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No.9, 2012 22.www.merriam-webster.com/ 23.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh

Altered Perspectives in Trifles - 729 Words

Perception involves the use of senses to assimilate information in situations, such as solving the mystery of a murdered husband in the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell. Perception, however, can be impaired by many things. For example, what is being concentrated on at any given moment, upbringing, social biases, and gender can all influence how different people perceive the world. A character analysis between the male and female roles in Trifles illustrates how gender disparities can skew perception, allowing what is right before one’s eyes to be essentially ignored by some of the characters. Glaspell illustrates the effect of gender on perception through her identification of the female characters, the male characters’ attitudes toward the women, and the bonding together of the fairer sex against the men’s patronization. Glaspell introduces her audience to five characters on scene, and two that are never met, except through the conversation of the others. The male characters are introduced by first and last name and given a title. The female characters, aside from Minnie Wright, are introduced as Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters (1410). By only identifying the women by the name given to them through marriage, Glaspell has planted the impression that women derive their identity exclusively from their relationship to men. The women are left to gather things for Minnie Wright. Mr. Henderson, playing into the assumption that women are what men make them, comments, â€Å"Mrs. Peters doesn’tShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1290 Words   |  6 Pages TO CHANGE, TO DESTRUCT â€Å"The moment you change your perception is the moment you rewrite the chemistry of your body.† This quote by Dr. Bruce Lipton is suggesting that our perceptions is related to our whole being. When our perspective is altered, our identity changes with it; the actions we commit thereafter that is motivated by our perceptions reveals change in our identity. 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The Importance of Geography to Chinese History - 1249 Words

For thousands of years, Chinese culture thrived and grew to become it’s own superpower, and for many years this was unknown to the rest of the world. Great geographic influences included the treacherous mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, and the prosperous river valleys, such as the Yangtze and the Huang he. Lack of cultural diffusion is primarily due to the fact that China, for hundreds of years, had little to no outside contact or cultural diffusion with other civilizations of that time. The culprit behind this lack of interaction is primarily China’s many mountain ranges. These massive mountains, such as the Himalayas, provided for a dangerous and unkind terrain, and therefore trade and most contact with others was inhibited (â€Å"Himalayas†). Despite the lack of outside influence, China and it’s people were actually quite prosperous. One aid in their economic prosperity was their agricultural produce and domestic trade. China’s agricultura l society was actually a thriving one mainly due to their fertile land, which is do to their river valleys. These rivers, such as the Yangtze and the Huang he rivers, deposited silt known as loess, onto the soil that was full of nutrients, and the land then became fertile (Perkins 4). These rivers not only expanded upon the agricultural output, but they also created an easy route for transportation and trade throughout the empire (â€Å"Yangtze River†). These simple aspects of the Chinese culture in retrospect, played some of the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Functions of Geography Throughout the Time Periods of History1325 Words   |  6 PagesGeography is the one discipline that throughout history has served many functions. 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The United States Should Abstain From Fencing - 1522 Words

Tear Down This Wall How does a country go from Tear down this wall! to Build a fence to keep out all immigrants? An ongoing issue in American politics is whether or not to fence the southern border of the US and close it to immigration. States such as Arizona have taken action regarding this issue however, the federal government has not yet passed legislature or decided upon a course of action. The United States should abstain from fencing in the border due to the fact that, even though they can take jobs from Americans, Central American immigrants enrich the American culture and greatly benefit American society. America has long been a multicultural and multiracial society. As a result of European immigration in the early 1900s,†¦show more content†¦Jews and other similarly oppressed groups sought safe haven from political or ideological persecution and wished to find a place where they could practice their religions or express their beliefs without the incumbent threat of violence. However, these Open Door sentiments soon began to fade. People started feeling angry towards these new immigrants because they were often poor, illiterate, or came from different cultural or religious backgrounds. The trauma of the First World War and the fear of Communism during the Red Scare of the late 1910s also worried many Americans. As a result, Congress passed laws restricting the flow of immigration because the government did not believe that the new immigrants enriched the life and culture of the USA (History.com Staff). In addition to the fear of immigrants, xenophobia and racial persecution set the stage for today s world of restrictive immigration propositions. The United States government should refrain from sealing the border with Mexico as such an act would violate the ideals that American society reveres; the ability to make something of yourself when you have come from nothing or very little and the inherent equality and freedom of all men. Dick Arm ey, a retired member of congress, states that this country has always held its doors open. We don t build up walls in the United States. We tear them down. These sentiments parallel the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s; both the

Historical/Cultural Analysis Free Essays

Historical/Cultural Analysis â€Å"Operation of a Medic. † The text, â€Å"Watching a Medic, Sicily, August 9, 1943†, illustrates the occupation of a medic in action during WWII. This text shows a medic helping another soldier in Sicily. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical/Cultural Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the background of the image there is a poor and deprived family looking upon the medic performing his duty of helping the injured soldier. This image shows what a medic’s lifestyle was like during the war. Medics had to perform their medical duties in places where injuries occurred, making it especially tough in the areas of where war was occurring. The image shows the historical context of the invasion of Sicily that took place during the same time as the picture. The image also shows the cultural context in relation with the lives of the natives living in Sicily. The occupation of medics and their lifestyle, the topic of war and military invasion, and the inhabitants of the homeland of Sicily, can all be accurately embedded within the tangible meaning of what it was like during the time of this visual text. In the image there is a medic performing a procedure on another soldier that is lying injured on the ground. The injured soldier is lying with his uniform open and his eyes closed. His helmet is lying on the ground beside a poor family that watching the operation happening. The family is in the background and is looking upon with a worried and sad look on their faces. These people are watching the scene of a medic in action from their own doorsteps, which brings attention to the fact that these onlookers are natives of the land where the picture occurred. This distinguishes the awareness of the cultural context that is being revealed in the image by the displaying of what the life was like for a family living in Sicily. The occupation of a medic is one that is very tough and challenging. To become a medic one must first have received medical basic training. They must be able to implement the knowledge and tactics learn in that medical training out on the battlefield. A medic must also be able to think and operate in hostile environments. One medic that served in Sicily during the time of the picture was Jerome McMenamy. McMenamy gives his reflections of working as a medic during the war in an interview. He was asked the uestion: what did you use to alleviate your patients’ pain? McMenamy response was, â€Å"One of the things for a medic in combat is morphine in little tubes. You had a quarter-grain of morphine in there, and you just jabbed it into a guy’s arm and squeezed that tube dry. In a few minutes he was feeling better†(Reynolds, Frank A. ). The treatment of pain, wounds, and minor injures are all examples of duties that medics have to perform during the time of the war. I n the image it demonstrates the medic completing these duties. A medic’s occupation during the time of World War II was challenging and also life-threating. Personal accounts of the times of being a medic place a first hand understanding of the true lifestyles that medics had during World War II. McMenamy tells of the hardships he had to go through while being a medic in the war, â€Å"My ankle snapped over a rock and got badly sprained. They put me on kitchen police, and the ankle wasn’t getting any better, but I got though the four months of basic training. They just taped it up, and I was marching with a sprained ankle†(Reynolds, Frank A. . This tells of not only the challenging medical practices that medics had to deal with helping injured soldiers, but also the rough encounters that medics had to overcome. In the image the medic is dressed and suited up as a soldier ready for combat. This suggests that all medics must be prepared in the times of attack, and by doing so they must have completed the four months of basic t raining that McMenamy discussed. Medics have to participate in the same tough and struggling operations that other soldiers in the war had to try and complete. The accomplishing of these tough tasks and all the requirements of being a medic has given medics the strength and bravery to go into unfamiliar lands such as Sicily in the image, and perform the medical actions that need to be completed. This enduring and lasting obligation is represented in the visual text by the medic helping a fallen soldier in an area that the medic is not familiar with. The medic being in this unaccustomed area of Sicily brings about the cultural context, and how he is able to perform his duties of a medic while having natives of the region stand close by and watch. Medics had many unpleasant and life threatening experiences in World War II. This brings to attention the experiences of medics in trying to complete their duties in a warzone. Medics have to worry about losing their own life everyday in war while trying to save the lives of others. They have to try to help the injured when not knowing what could happen. This could be from an opposing soldier coming up and attacking the medic while the medic is performing an operation on an injured soldier. The medic having no knowledge of the people or things around him is a cultural connection, such as that represented in the image. One invasion that occurred was the Allied invasion of Sicily. The image takes place in Sicily, which gives an historical connection to the battle that occurred in the same place as the picture. The historical connection of the image is the battle that was fought in Sicily during the time of WWII, â€Å"Axis forces struck first at Sicily in July in a amphibious landing that was surpassed in size only by the invasion at Normandy, France, year later. After driving German forces off of Sicily, Allied troops, in September, began a long, costly march up the mountainous Italian peninsula† (Moffett, George). The Allied invasion of Sicily was a major World War II campaign, in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis. The Allies taking control over Sicily puts a means of emphasis on the historical context in the image due to the fact that the medic in the image is a member of the Allied Forces. The invasion that occurred in Sicily was done by the Allied forces, meaning that the carried out actions by the Allied forces were done on its opponents’ homeland. This shows the cultural connection in the image, due to the fact of the family in the background looking upon the unfamiliar soldier. This medic had to perform his duty being military medical personnel in a place that was uncommon to him. He was doing his work in front of a poor family that were living in the area where the picture was taken. The poor family was looking upon the medic that was preforming his medical practices in their territory of where they live. This shows the cultural connection to the image because of how the medic had to adapt to the area to complete his duty of being a medic in the unfamiliar land of Sicily. This image of a medic performing a medical practice on an injured soldier shows the job of a medic in action. It does not show the threats that could occur to the medic while he is completing his job. Military medical personnel face the daily threat of gunfire, explosives, chemical weapons, and other battlefield hazards. While medics try to carry out their job of being a medic many get injured due to the fact of all these hazards happening around them. This image shows a glimpse of what a medic’s life was like during the war. The life of a medic during World War II was not that of picture perfect lifestyle, it was more life treating and having to deal with the thought of death occurring any second in the time of war. Which brings notion to the cultural context of the medic in the image, by him not having the knowledge of the environment around him and any possible threats that would come about. Works Cited: Moffett, George. â€Å"Celebrating WWII’s other front. (Cover story). † Christian Science Monitor May 1995: 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. Reynolds, Frank A. â€Å"Field Medic On The Italian Front. † Military History 22. 8 (2005): 54-68. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. How to cite Historical/Cultural Analysis, Papers

Report Simulation

Question: Simulation of queuing system The management of a company providing financial service is concerned with the existing single channel queuing system adopted by the customer service unit. The management is considering of adding another skilled worker hoping that it will make the system more efficient and beneficial to their customers. The estimated mean interarrival time is 4 minutes and the estimated mean service time is 10 minutes. The estimated cost of waiting in queue is RM 15 per hour. The hourly salary of each worker is RM 12 per hour. Required: (a). Using an appropriate method, generate 300 random numbers. Let the last three digits of your ID as the seed. (b). Are the random numbers generated in (a) uniform and independent to each other? Show your proof. (c). Based on the probability distributions of your choice, develop a random variate generate for generating interarrival and service times. Then, use random numbers produced in (a) to generate interarrival and service times. Based on your results above, should the management maintain the current queuing system or hire another worker? Answer: [a].Random number generation: It is noted that the financial service company used a single channel queuing system for servicing its customer. In this context, the given information shows that the estimated mean interarrival time is 4 minutes and the estimated mean service time is 10 minutes. The estimated cost of waiting in queue is RM 15 per hour. The hourly salary of each worker is RM 12 per hour. Since, the management is concerned about its single queue system; a simulation study has been executed here, to deduce a meaningful conclusion. The Random numbers are a necessary basic ingredient in the simulation of almost all discrete systems. Here, the random numbers are generated using Microsoft excel for the given two variables. Mainly, the linear congruential method is used here. In order to do so, the following assumptions were made: Base: 333 Multiplier: 312 Summand: 152 Seed: 382 The below figure represents the random number generated here for running the simulation. The details of the random numbers are found in the attached file with this report (Alonso Schott, 1995). [b]Case 1: Test for uniformity To test whether the random numbers are generated here are uniform or not, chi square is followed here. The details of the Chi Square Test are shown below: Step 1: Calculation Here, the chi-square test with = 0.05 is employed to test for whether the random number series shown below are uniformly distributed. Here, n = 10 intervals of equal length. Class Interval Oi Ei (Oi-Ei)^2/Ei 1 0.00 R 0.10 33 30 0.300 2 0.10 R 0.20 33 30 0.300 3 0.20 R 0.30 66 30 43.200 4 0.30 R 0.40 1 30 28.033 5 0.40 R 0.50 34 30 0.533 6 0.50 R 0.60 0 30 30.000 7 0.60 R 0.70 0 30 30.000 8 0.70 R 0.80 0 30 30.000 9 0.80 R 0.90 67 30 45.633 10 0.90 R 1.00 66 30 43.200 300 300 251.200 Step 2: Hypothesis H0: The numbers are uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1]; H1: The numbers are non-uniformly distributed; Step 3: Test statistics X2 Step 4: Critical value Step 5: Decision Since, (Aritzhaupt.com, 2015) The null hypothesis is rejected here. So, there is enough proof to conclude that the distribution of interarrival time is not uniform. Case 2: Test for independence Hypothesis: In order to test the independency of the random numbers, autocorrelation test is used here. Here, for the generated random numbers, auto correlation test is used to test whether the 3rd, 8th, 13th, and so on numbers are auto correlated using = 0.05. Here, i = 3 m = 5 N = 300 Therefore, i + (M + 1) m =N or, 3 + (M + 1) 5 =300 or, 3 + 5M + 5 = 300 or, 8 +5M = 300 or, M = 292 / 5 or, M = 58 Now, Therefore, =0.015663 And =0.038964 Therefore, = 0.401983186 Now, the critical value z0.025 = 1.96. Since, z0 -1.96, null hypothesis should not be rejected here. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the random number series are independent (Barker Kelsey, 2006). [c]. Random variate generation: Interarrival time: (Barker Kelsey, 2007) Service time: (Eg.bucknell.edu, 2015) Simulation: (Niederreiter, 1992) Therefore, Average Interarrival time = (sum of Interarrival times) / (number of arrivals 1) = 692.0671 / 123 = 5.627 min Average service time = total service time / number of customers = 1730.1678 /222 = 7.794 min (Gentle, 1998) After running the simulation for several times, it is noted that if the management add another skilled worker, then, the system will become more efficient. Hence, it is recommended that the management should add another worker into the current queuing system. References Alonso, L., Schott, R. (1995).Random generation of trees. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Aritzhaupt.com,. (2015).Autocorrelation Test Tutorial. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from https://www.aritzhaupt.com/resource/autocorrelation/ Barker, E., Kelsey, J. (2006).Recommendation for random number generation using deterministic random bit generators. [Gaithersburg, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Barker, E., Kelsey, J. (2007).Recommendation for random number generation using deterministic random bit generators (revised). [Gaithersburg, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory. Eg.bucknell.edu,. (2015).Tests for Auto-correlation. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from https://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~xmeng/Course/CS6337/Note/master/node45.html Gentle, J. (1998).Random number generation and Monte Carlo methods. New York: Springer. Niederreiter, H. (1992).Random number generation and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. Philadelphia, Pa.: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.